For many people, climate change is about shrinking glaciers, rising sea levels, longer and more intense heatwaves, and other extreme and unpredictable weather patterns. But for women pastoralists鈥攍ivestock farmers in the semi-arid lands of Kenya鈥攃limate change has forced drastic changes to everyday life, including long and sometimes treacherous journeys to get water.
Faced with an increasingly dry climate, women pastoralists now must spend much more time searching for water. That takes time away from productive economic activities, reinforcing the cycle of poverty.
A marginalized group
鈥淲omen are the ones who fetch water and firewood. Women are the ones who prepare food. Women are the ones who take care of not just their own children but also the young ones of their animals as well,鈥� Agnes Leina, a Kenyan human rights activist and pastoralist, told Africa Renewal.
Ms. Leina established the Il鈥橪aramatak Community Concerns organisation in 2011, because women pastoralists have inadequate land rights, are excluded from community leadership and are often not involved in decision making, despite the responsibilities they shoulder.
This year, Ms. Leina was invited to the Commission on the Status of Women at UN headquarters in New York, an opportunity she used to promote the rights of the Maasai, seminomadic pastoralists of the Nilotic ethnic group in parts of northern, central and southern Kenya. Climate change has made their situation worse, she says.
Ms. Leina鈥檚 organisation addresses the loss of earnings women incur due to climate change by creating programmes that teach them how to make and sell beads, mats, and milk products. It also helps foster girls鈥� resilience by giving them the tools to set goals for themselves.
She says it used to take her about 30 minutes to fetch 20 litres of water from a river not far from her mother鈥檚 home, which was hardly enough to wash clothes and utensils and take a bath. That was until the river started receding. The time she spent fetching water increased to 鈥渙ne hour, then two hours because, of course, there was no water and so many of us lined up for the little that was available. Then suddenly it completely dried up.鈥�
Now, she says, 鈥淵ou have to travel to another river, which is like one hour鈥檚 walk, to fetch water.鈥�
As a result, many girls between ages 14 and 16 run the risk of being attacked by wild animals or becoming victims of sexual assault while searching for water. They have no time to do their homework and, for fear of being punished, they miss school, she explains.
Other girls, discouraged by these realities, 鈥渟ettle for a man in town who has water and then marry him,鈥� Ms. Leina admits with regret.
Climate change also increases the pressure for child marriages. In pastoralist communities, livestock is a status symbol. Losing cattle because the land is too arid for them to survive may compel a father to offer his young daughter鈥檚 hand in marriage in exchange for more cows as a bride price.
Africa is highly vulnerable to climate change. The UN Environment Programme projects that some countries鈥� yields from rain-fed agriculture will have been reduced by half by next year. Countries hard hit by land degradation and desertification include Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger.
鈥淢ost African women depend on rain-fed livelihood systems like farming and livestock keeping. Therefore, any shift in climate patterns has a significant impact on women, especially those living in rural areas,鈥� concurs Fatmata Sessay, UN Women regional policy advisor on climate-smart agriculture for East and Southern Africa Region. UN Women鈥檚 mandate is to advance gender equality and women鈥檚 empowerment.
Globally, nearly 200 million nomadic pastoralists make their livelihoods in remote and harsh environments where conventional farming is limited or not possible, according to the International Fund for Agricultural Development.
Glo.be, the online magazine of the Belgian Federal Public Service鈥檚 international development aid programme, reports that Kenyan pastoralists are responsible for up to 90% of the meat produced in East Africa. Kenya鈥檚 livestock sector contributes 12% to the country鈥檚 gross domestic product, according to the World Bank.
Therefore, a changing climate has serious implications for the country鈥檚 economy.
In 2014, Kenya鈥檚 Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, with support from the International Livestock Research Institute and the World Bank, began a livestock insurance programme for vulnerable pastoralists. That programme has provided some relief to women pastoralists.
Technology to the rescue
UN Women is also mobilizing efforts to secure land tenure for women. It is working with the Standard Bank of Africa to help African women overcome barriers in the agriculture sector such as providing access to credit.
Technology is key to saving the water that disappears after a torrential rainfall, says Ms. Leina. Windmill technology, for instance, could allow women to access water 300 feet underground. The snag, she explains, is that it鈥檚 priced out of the reach of women pastoralists. She hopes authorities can help.
Houses in some rural areas of Kenya have thatched roofs that cannot channel water to household water tanks in the way that zinc rooftops can. Commercial water trucks can fill up household tanks for a fee of up to $60 per tank, but most rural households cannot afford that much.
The situation for women pastoralists is grim, which is why Ms. Leina hopes raising awareness of how climate change is threatening their livelihoods may get increased attention鈥攁nd support鈥攐f the Kenyan government and its international partners. 听 听
