????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????
???? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????. ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????
???? ????? ????????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???:
- ?????? ??? ??????? ???????/?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????
- ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????/?????? ??????? ???????
- ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????????? ?? ???? ???????/??????
????? ??????? ???? ?????
???? ???? ??? (Sex) ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? (Gender) ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????.
?????? gender ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? genus ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? 1994 ????? ??????/?????? ?? ??????/?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? 1995 ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? "???????" ?? ?????? ?????? ("??????? ??????? ?????? ???????" ?? "???????? ???????") ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? "??????" ??? ??????? ?????" ????? ??????" ?"???????? ???????" ? "????? ???????"? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? "????"? ??????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? "????? ?????????" ???? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????.
???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????. ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? : ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????. ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????. ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????. ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????: ????? ??????. ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????. ???? ??????: [???] ?[????]. ???? ?????: [???]? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????. ????? ??????: [????]? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????. ????? ??????: [?????] ?[???]. ????? ?????: [?????] ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????. ????? ??????: [???] ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????.
???????? ???? ??????: ????? ???????? ???: [?????] ?????? ???????? ???: [????]?????? ???????? ??? [?????]? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????: ???? ????? ??? ???. ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? : ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? (?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????). ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???: ????? ????? ???? ????. ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????: ??? (????) ????? ???? ??? : ????? ????? ???? ?????: ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? (????) ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? : ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? (?????) ???: ?????? ?????? (?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????)? ?????? (?? ????? ?? ????)? ??? (?????) ???: ????? (???? ?????)? ???? ???? ???: ??? ???? ( ????? ?? ????? ???). ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????: ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????.
???? ?????????/?????????????
???? ????? ??? ?? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????:
1.1 ????? ????????
??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????.
??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????. ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????.
?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????: ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????. ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????????.
?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????.
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“??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????.” | “??? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????????.” |
???? ?? ?????
?????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????. ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? **????&& ?? ??? ????????. ????? ??? **???&& ??? ????? ???? **????&& ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????.
1.2 ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????:
- " ????? ??????" (??????? ??? ??????).
- " ???? ????? ?????? ??????".
- "????? ???? ???".
- " ????" (????? ?? "??? ??????").
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“????? ???? ????? .” | “???? ??????? .” |
“?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? .” | “?????? ?????? ???????.” |
??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????
????:
- “- ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????. ”
- “?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????..”
2.1 ????? ??? ?????? ???????
“?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????. ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????. .
???? :
??? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????.
?? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????.
2.2. ????? ????? ??????? ????????
?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? 每 ???? ??? ?? ??? 每 ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 1978.
???? : ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???.
2.3 ????? "?????? ???????" ?? "???? ??????" ?? "????? ??????" ?? "????? ???????" ??? ????? ??????
???? :- “?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ”
- “?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???????..”
- “??? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????. ”
3.1 ??????? ????? ?????? ???????
??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????. ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????.
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???? | ?????? |
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???? ???????/?????? | ????? ??????/????? |
????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? | ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? |
3.2 ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????????? ??? : ???/???
???? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????.
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3.3 ??????? ??? ???????
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3.4 ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? "???"
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3.5 ??? ??????? ??? ????????
??? ????? | ???? ????? |
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????? 75 ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? | ????? 75 ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? |
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3.6 ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????
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3.7 ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????
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3.8 ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???????
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3.9 ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????
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??? ????? | ???? ????? |
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