国产AV

For years, Kenyans freely used and disposed of plastic bags. The bags were ubiquitous鈥攊n the markets, in the gutters and in the guts out of 3 out of every 10 animals taken to slaughter.

Nakuru, a town northwest of Nairobi, was a particular eyesore, with a poorly managed dump site that left bags strewn across the roads. It drove Nakuru resident James Wakibia to desperation and then to activism. Wakibia wrote letters to local papers, posted on social media, launched the hashtag #banplasticsKE and joined local group InTheStreetsofNakuru to petition the Kenyan government to ban single-use plastic bags.

It got people talking.

Finally, in August 2017, Kenya passed a landmark law banning the purchase, sale or use of plastic bags. Offenders risk four years in prison or a $40,000 fine.

鈥淧lastic bags were virtually all over the place,鈥� Mr. Wakibia told Africa Renewal. 鈥淏ut now the once-clogged drains are flowing and roadsides are free from plastic bags. There is a visible change.鈥澨� 听 听 听 听

The trash and plastics nightmare can be found across the continent. Sub-Saharan Africa produces approximately 62 million tonnes of waste per year, including plastic waste, according to the World Bank. With Africa鈥檚 rapid urbanisation and economic growth, environmentalists expect that figure to double by 2025.

New uses found for waste

Yet Africa鈥檚 epidemic of waste may very well contain the seeds of a solution to another stubborn problem鈥攖he energy shortage.

In sub-Saharan Africa some 609 million people (6 out of 10) have no access to electricity, and about 80% of those in rural areas lack electricity access, according to 2017 data by the World Bank. Manufacturers in sub-Saharan Africa experience an average of 56 days of shutdown time per year due to power outages, the African Development Bank noted in 2017.

To achieve universal energy access, Africa requires an investment of more than $1.5 trillion in the energy sector between 2018 and 2050. Without such an investment, sub-Saharan Africa will be home to an estimated 89% of the world鈥檚 energy poor by 2030, according to a 2017 report by the International Energy Agency (IEA), an organisation that advises governments on energy policy.

To meet demand, exploration is underway to convert the mounting piles of rubbish into much-needed energy鈥攁nd some countries are already showing how that can be done.听

This year Ethiopia completed the Reppie thermal plant, Africa鈥檚 first waste-to-energy plant, which has the capacity to incinerate 1,400 tons of waste per day. The plant handles 80% of Addis Ababa鈥檚 waste and converts it into electricity that, when the plant becomes fully operational, will serve 3 million people鈥攖hus providing 30% of the capital city鈥檚 needs.

To execute the $120 million project, the Ethiopian government partnered with China National Electric Engineering Co., which worked with Cambridge Industries and its managing director Samuel Alemayehu, a Stanford-educated engineer and former Silicon Valley entrepreneur.

鈥淭he Reppie project is just one component of Ethiopia鈥檚 broader strategy to address pollution and embrace renewable energy across all sectors of the economy,鈥� Zerubabel Getachew, Ethiopia鈥檚 deputy permanent representative to the United Nations, told UN Environment. 鈥淲e hope that Reppie will serve as a model for other countries in the region and around the world.鈥�

With only 4% of the continent鈥檚 wastes being recycled, Africa鈥檚 waste management is still in its infancy, according to a 2018 report by UN Environment and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, a South Africa鈥揵ased research organization.

South Africa may be an outlier. PET Recycling Company, a South African recycling company, reported in 2016 that plastic bottle recycled tonnage has grown by 822% in the country since 2005.听听

鈥淐urrently South Africa does not have mandatory punitive legislation in place which makes separation of recyclables [from the waste stream]鈥� in homes, offices, restaurants and bars compulsory. Mandatory separation at the source will ensure greater recycling success in years to come,鈥� said Shabeer Jhetam, executive director at the Glass Recycling Company.

Without legislative backing, Mr. Wakibia is sceptical about sustainable practices across Africa.

鈥淚 think the biggest hindrance to environmental protection is when politicians have vested interests,鈥� he told UN Environment. 鈥淔or example, many politicians are shareholders of companies engaged in lumbering, or are shareholders in companies dealing with plastics. So it becomes hard for them to support any initiatives calling for sustainable forestry or a ban on single-use plastics.鈥�

鈥淚鈥檓 glad the government of Kenya has called for massive tree planting across the country,鈥� he continued. 鈥淚 hope they will walk the talk.

Morocco tops in solar energy

The sun could be another source of sustainable energy in Africa. Africa has 117% more sunshine than Germany, the global leader in solar energy.

Due to its decreasing cost and increasing convenience, solar energy is projected to become the world鈥檚 largest source of energy by 2050, states a 2017 report by the International Renewable Energy Agency, an intergovernmental organisation promoting sustainable energy.

Lighting Africa, a World Bank鈥搒upported project started by music icon Akon, his childhood friend Thione Niang and Malian philanthropist Samba Bathily, is tapping into Africa鈥檚 vast solar resource. The group hopes to provide solar energy solutions to 250 million people across sub-Saharan Africa by 2030.

Since its establishment in 2014, Lighting Africa has provided electricity access to nearly 29 million people in 25 African countries, including Benin, Guinea, Mali, Niger and Sierra Leone.

Morocco leads the pack in solar energy in Africa. With 32% of its energy needs currently coming from renewable sources, the country is on track to hit 44% by 2020.

Morocco鈥檚 solar energy ambition is anchored on the $9 billion Ouarzazate Solar Power Station听(OSPS), also called听Noor Power Station (noor means "light" in Arabic), located in the 听region. The OSPS is expected to produce electricity for over 1 million homes by the end of 2018. The Spanish consortium -- is helping to develop the project.

Oil reigns supreme

However, some countries鈥� reliance on fossil fuels for energy and revenue may be hampering investments in renewables. Nigeria, for example, produces and sells about 2.2 million barrels of oil per day, which accounted for 69% of its revenues in 2017, reported Nigeria鈥檚 Central Bank.

Without the capacity to refine sufficient oil for domestic consumption, Nigeria subsidizes fossil fuel production by up to $2.5 billion yearly, notes the IEA, which warns that such subsidies put undue strain on governments鈥� budgets and create obstacles for emerging low-carbon businesses and the renewables sector.

Angola, C么te d鈥橧voire, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, among other countries, each subsidized fossil fuel production by more than $1 billion in 2015, states the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSG), a Geneva-based organization that promotes sustainable development through trade-related policies.

Even South Africa increased its subsidy for fossil fuels from $2.9 billion in 2014 to $3.5 billion in 2016, despite a commitment the country made at the 2009 G20 summit to phase out subsidies, notes the the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, whose members are the world鈥檚 richest nations. South Africa is also home to 31 billion tonnes of recoverable coal, the sixth largest in the world.

Both the Paris Agreement and Goal 12 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development require countries to focus less on fossil fuels and more on renewables. African governments are concerned that phasing out subsidies could trigger hikes in the cost of petroleum products and electricity, leading to social unrest.

鈥淪ubsidies to fossil fuel power are provided [by African countries] to compensate for electricity tariffs, which听听only 70% of the cost of power production,鈥� states ICTSG.

Fingers crossed, Morocco鈥檚 success in solar energy development, Ethiopia鈥檚 Reppie thermal plant and renewables successes elsewhere may encourage other African countries to pay attention to sustainable practices. 听听