国产AV

Riot police guard Supreme Court in Kinshasa: The DRC鈥檚 court system is in need of serious reform.

Photograph: Reuters / Finbarr O'Reilly

A pickup truck marked 鈥淒elta Protection鈥� zooms around a corner on a main avenue in the heart of the Congolese capital, with two uniformed men in the cab and another standing on the back, swinging a mounted heavy machine gun back and forth. They wear sunglasses, though it is night. On another street, a minivan labeled 鈥淎frican Defence System鈥� bounces along with more than a half-dozen armed personnel.

Such private security outfits are common in the main cities of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), hired mostly by foreign and local businesses to protect their property and keep crime at bay. They can be brutal. In front of one of Kinshasa鈥檚 main banks, a uniformed guard clubs a woman trying to sell bread on the sidewalk.

The government is working to strengthen its regular police forces. But they are not yet able to guarantee public safety. All too often, undisciplined police and soldiers themselves commit abuses.

Across the country and in various activities, the Congolese state and its institutions are only minimally present or effective. 国产AV agreements ended much of the fighting that devastated the eastern half of this country for nearly a decade 鈥� but a number of armed groups continue to operate there, perpetuating insecurity, causing major population displacements and threatening to reignite a wider war (). National elections have put in office a government with some political legitimacy.

Yet reforms of key state organs 鈥� police, army, courts, civil administration, state enterprises, local government councils, tax agencies 鈥� have only just begun. So have efforts to get the government to open up to dialogue with ordinary citizens.

鈥楢 problem of the state鈥�

For the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC), overcoming such weaknesses in state authority is essential for preserving the country鈥檚 hard-won peace. In addition to their peacekeeping duties, many of MONUC鈥檚 18,000 military and police personnel and 2,000 civilian staff are now engaged in helping Congolese build institutions that can manage the country鈥檚 affairs over the long term, without reverting to crisis and chaos.

Presidential and legislative vote in 2006 brought in the Congo鈥檚 first elected government in more than 40 years.

Photograph: Reuters / Luc Gnago

鈥淭he problem in the Congo is not only the problem of armed groups,鈥� observes UN Assistant Secretary-General for Political Affairs Haile Menkerios. 鈥淚t is a problem of the state. It is a problem of nation-building鈥�. Institutions do exist on paper right now, [but] in practical terms, they really need quite some time to strengthen.鈥� (When he spoke with Africa Renewal in Kinshasa, before his current appointment, Mr. Menkerios was the UN Secretary-General鈥檚 deputy special representative in the DRC.)

Many Congolese share that opinion. 鈥淚n most areas I visited, the existence of the state is doubtful,鈥� Senator Vincent de Paul Lunda Bululu told a Congolese journalist after touring his home region of Haut-Katanga in September. 鈥淐ertainly, the state exists legally, but in reality it needs to be reborn.鈥�

According to Albert Yuma Mulimbi, national president of the F茅d茅ration des entreprises du Congo, businesspeople need a 鈥渃limate of trust鈥� before they will invest and create jobs. Unfortunately, the state is 鈥渟till fragile.鈥� To ensure economic recovery from the ravages of war, says Mr. Yuma, it is important to 鈥渞econstruct a strong, impartial, effective state.鈥�

The goal is not simply 鈥減ostwar reconstruction.鈥� It is to start building, often for the first time ever, institutions that will genuinely serve the interests of the country鈥檚 citizens.

Ordinary Congolese often agree. In late June, civil society organizations and professional associations staged a march through the town of Beni, in the highly insecure province of North Kivu, to protest banditry, killings by rebels, rape and extortion. They submitted a memorandum to the interim mayor insisting that the authorities do more to reestablish order.

鈥楪overnance contract鈥�

In their public speeches and declarations, the country鈥檚 political leaders assign a high priority to building up the state鈥檚 capacities and its public acceptance. Guiding all official actions, Minister of Planning Olivier Kamitatu told Africa Renewal, is a 鈥済overnance contract that ties the government to the Congolese people.鈥�

The government, Mr. Kamitatu says, has pledged action on a variety of fronts. In addition to improving people鈥檚 living conditions, these include reforming the army, police and courts, cleaning up the government鈥檚 management of public funds, overhauling the civil service and state administration and carrying out 鈥済enuine decentralization鈥� so that political and administrative authority is not concentrated excessively in Kinshasa. 鈥淲e will be judged鈥� on the basis of such actions, Mr. Kamitatu believes.

Congolese soldier in North Kivu, where thousands of dissident or foreign fighters still oppose the central government and have displaced a half million people.

Photograph: Alamy Images / Eddie Gerald

The hurdles of state reconstruction in the Congo are not unique. Many other African countries confront similar problems, and they are watching to see how the Congo manages to resolve them. But the challenges in the DRC are particularly daunting. In terms of land area, the Congo is the third largest country in Africa. With some 66 million people, it is the fourth most populous.

Yet the greatest obstacle is not size. Beyond the immediate problems of continued insecurity in the east, the biggest hurdle will be overcoming an historical legacy of dictatorship, decay and plunder. Because governance was so poor for so long, the goal is not simply 鈥減ost-war reconstruction鈥� 鈥� that is, restoring the situation that prevailed before the outbreak of war in 1996. It is to start building, often for the first time ever, institutions that will genuinely serve the interests of the country鈥檚 citizens.

History of pillage

After a prolonged period of Belgian rule, in which very few Congolese attained positions in the colonial administration, the Congo abruptly won independence in 1960. The first decade was turbulent. Cold War interventions, ethnic tensions and secessionist rebellions undermined the popularly elected president, Patrice Lumumba, who was deposed and assassinated. In 1965, General Joseph-D茅sir茅 Mobutu (later Mobutu Sese Seko), seized power, with the backing of Western intelligence agencies.

Mobutu鈥檚 Zaire (as he renamed the country in 1971) became known as one of the world鈥檚 foremost examples of an autocratic, corrupt state. Estimates of the amounts lost or squandered ran into the tens of billions of dollars.

Although the state appeared to be tightly controlled from the top, in reality its effective authority did not reach very far. Government employees routinely neglected their duties, diverted funds and used their positions to make money. Some regional governors ran their territories like semi-autonomous fiefdoms. Army officers embezzled the salaries of their subordinates and trafficked in arms, gold and diamonds. Unpaid police and troops survived through pillage and extortion.

War and transition

Mobutu鈥檚 state had decayed considerably by the early 1990s. Its fragility became glaring in the aftermath of the genocide in neighbouring Rwanda in 1994. Mobutu provided a haven in eastern Zaire for the genocide鈥檚 perpetrators after they were overthrown by Rwandan rebels. These 鈥済enocidaires,鈥� as they were known, then repeatedly attacked Rwanda, ultimately prompting the new Rwandan government to retaliate by backing a coalition of dissidents known as the Alliance des forces d茅mocratiques pour la lib茅ration du Congo (AFDL), led by Laurent Kabila.

Although Mobutu鈥檚 forces were adept at terrorizing villagers, they proved incapable of military defence. The small AFDL, bolstered by professional Rwandan troops, rapidly captured territory as the Zairean army retreated. In town after town, local residents celebrated the army鈥檚 departure. In May 1997, the insurgents occupied Kinshasa, shortly after Mobutu fled into exile (where he died of cancer a few months later). Mr. Kabila became president and renamed the country the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

According to Georges Nzogola-Ntalaja, a well-known Congolese academic currently working with the Africa Governance Institute of the UN Development Programme (UNDP), the ability of the ragtag AFDL and relatively small countries such as Rwanda and Uganda to exert such influence over the much larger Congo 鈥渨ould have been unthinkable if the Congolese state institutions were functioning in a normal way as agencies of governance and national security, rather than as Mafia-type organizations serving the selfish interests of Mobutu and his entourage.鈥�

Hopes were initially high that the new government would build a different kind of state. But authoritarianism soon followed. And after President Kabila broke with his former Rwandan and Ugandan allies, those countries backed new insurgent groups in the east. In August 1998, the country was plunged back into war.

This second war was far more devastating than the first. It involved multiple Congolese groups and drew in the armies of more than a half-dozen neighbouring countries. With most factions responsible for serious atrocities, hundreds of thousands of civilians were killed. Massive displacement, the disruption of agriculture and the collapse of the health care system pushed the total estimated death toll to 3鈥�4 million.

The war鈥檚 major contenders signed an initial ceasefire in 1999, but it was only poorly observed. After President Kabila was assassinated by members of his personal guard in 2001, his son and successor, Major-General Joseph Kabila, pushed more energetically for peace. That shift, combined with greater international pressure on neighbouring countries to withdraw, led to the signing of a comprehensive peace agreement in Sun City, South Africa, in 2002.

The protagonists established a transitional government, with Joseph Kabila as president and the central leaders of four main groups as vice-presidents. A transitional parliament also had representation from the different groups. This arrangement succeeded in ending most of the fighting.

But the compromises of the transition did not favour serious reform. Most official appointments were made on the basis of political connections, not merit. The proliferation of institutions facilitated corruption. In 2003, about two-thirds of the budget was spent outside normal procedures.

Political legitimacy

President Joseph Kabila (centre) has pledged to work towards good governance, democracy and respect for human rights.

Photograph: Reuters / Luc Gnago

By bringing into office the first truly elected government in four decades, the presidential, legislative and provincial assembly elections of 2006 opened the door for the possibility of deeper reform. Although the elections were marked by some violence and the losers contested the final results, international observers generally deemed the contest to have been free and fair. The high turnout 鈥� 70 per cent in the first round of the presidential poll in July and 65 per cent in the second round in October 鈥� gave the winner, President Kabila, the political legitimacy he had lacked in the transition period.

Many different parties won seats in the National Assembly. Mr. Kabila鈥檚 own party has only 111 of the 500 seats, although an alliance of parties that backed his presidential bid holds a comfortable majority with 338 seats. The alliance also has more than half the seats in the Senate. His government, named in February 2007, has members from different parties and is headed by Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga, who was a close colleague of Patrice Lumumba at independence in 1960.

While the new government is less inclusive than the transitional arrangement, its electoral legitimacy means that it 鈥渨ill be in a much better position to adopt policies that are uniform,鈥� observes Mr. Menkerios. 鈥淚t would have more cohesion and would be better equipped to implement coherent strategies than during the transition.鈥� Besides, the governing coalition 鈥渋s wide enough by any country鈥檚 standards.鈥�

However, Mr. Menkerios adds, political tensions remain a problem, in part because the current parties grew out of 鈥減olitico-military organizations鈥� and continue to operate in a combative mode. One example was the outbreak of armed clashes in Kinshasa in March 2007 between the president鈥檚 Republican Guard and a security force loyal to Jean-Pierre Bemba, who lost to Mr. Kabila in the presidential election. Some 200 people, mostly civilians, were killed in the fighting.

MONUC and the rest of the international community are encouraging the government to accommodate the opposition, Mr. Menkerios explains. The constitution provides a formal status for the opposition, and opposition deputies are often included in decision-making roles in the legislature鈥檚 various commissions. Mr. Kengo wa Dondo, a former prime minister under Mobutu and currently an opposition figure, was elected to head the Senate, even though Mr. Kabila鈥檚 alliance holds a majority of Senate seats.

In his inauguration address in December 2006, President Kabila acknowledged that the Congolese administration 鈥渆xists in name only鈥� and that there is an urgent need for a 鈥渞efoundation of the state.鈥� The main pillars of his government, as of any modern state, he said, will be the 鈥渢rilogy of good governance, democracy, respect for human rights.鈥�

This would mark a sharp reversal. During four decades of dictatorship and war, the violation of human rights appeared to be a pillar of state policy. Changing things around will require overhauling and reforming another trilogy 鈥� the army, police and courts.

Military reform

According to a report in February 2007 by the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and MONUC鈥檚 Human Rights Division, fully 88 per cent of all politically motivated or organized murders, rapes, beatings and other human rights violations recorded in the DRC in the second half of 2006 were committed by the government鈥檚 own repressive bodies.

The report found some modest improvement on the part of the army, which saw its share of recorded abuses decline from 53 per cent in the first half of 2006 to 40 per cent in the second.

But the army still is experiencing great difficulties, in large part as a legacy of the transition period. The Sun City peace agreement provided for building a new army, basically as an amalgamation of officers and troops from the various armed factions. 鈥淚t was a really good idea,鈥� notes Lieutenant-General Babacar Gaye, MONUC鈥檚 force commander, since the arrangement helped end most of the fighting. 鈥淏ut unfortunately, it didn鈥檛 produce a good military,鈥� he adds, emphasizing the difficulties of getting troops of different allegiances and unequal levels of training to work together effectively.

For example, in North Kivu, General Gaye told Africa Renewal, one of the new 鈥渋ntegrated brigades鈥� disintegrated in 2006 as a result of political and ethnic tensions. Therefore, MONUC鈥檚 goal 鈥渋s to avoid this disintegration, first of all, and then to help the Congolese design their future military. But it is a huge task. It鈥檚 a long-term process.鈥�

The Congolese army, which has sent thousands of troops against the forces of dissident General Laurent Nkunda in North Kivu, has had difficulty capturing and holding terrain.

In addition to providing tactical support on the ground, MONUC 鈥� along with the European Union and some donor agencies 鈥� is helping the army professionalize and become a better-integrated and more coherent organization. A military census conducted with South African assistance helped weed out nonexistent 鈥済host鈥� soldiers whose names were on the payroll. Their removal enabled the government to increase the basic pay of ordinary soldiers.

Improving soldiers鈥� economic and social conditions is essential, to keep them from extorting food and money from civilians, Ross Mountain, deputy special representative of the UN Secretary-General, told Africa Renewal. All those working on humanitarian issues in the DRC now agree that security sector reform 鈥渉as to be top of the hit parade.鈥� While visiting North Kivu, to help coordinate humanitarian assistance to victims of the conflict, he realized that people鈥檚 foremost concern was security. 鈥淚f there was one measure that could be taken at the time, it would be to pay the army,鈥� he recalls. 鈥淚 come from a humanitarian background, and to come to the realization that one measure is to pay the army sounded completely insane. But everyone said: 鈥榊eah鈥�.鈥�

Army abuses, while still widespread, appear to be declining, in part because of better training, stronger command, improved living conditions and the prosecution of officers and troops who carry out atrocities.

Police training

However, abuses by the national police rose dramatically between the first and second halves of 2006, from 24 to 39 per cent of total abuses. Serious violations by the police continued well into 2007, according to a report to the UN General Assembly in August by an independent expert, Titinga Fr茅d茅ric Pac茅r茅, an eminent jurist from Burkina Faso. Mr. Pac茅r茅 cited a long list of crimes by national police officers, including brutalization of prisoners, rapes of women and young girls and killings of villagers.

Congolese police officers graduate from a MONUC training programme: Greater professionalism should help reduce abuses against civilians.

Photograph: UN / Myrian Asmani

Historically, the police have been severely underfunded, ill-trained and inefficient. Today there are just over 100,000 police in the country. About half have received training by MONUC in various tasks, including ensuring order during elections. The European Union is financing police reforms, while UNDP manages a fund to help equip the police.

Congo鈥檚 national prosecutor has vowed to crack down on police who impose arbitrary fines or otherwise extort money. In September, Interior Minister Denis Kalume warned police officers: 鈥淎ll actions of the Congolese police, as guardians of the law, must be guided by the law, national interest and legality.鈥�

Reviving a 鈥榙egenerate鈥� justice system

In theory, the DRC鈥檚 courts are also supposed to uphold the law. But like other aspects of the state, the judicial system has suffered from years of decay. There is only one judge for every 30,000 people, most are poorly paid and the physical conditions of the courts are decrepit. Trial proceedings are extremely slow and judgments often seem arbitrary. Those with wealth or political connections are very rarely brought to court.

In a country that has experienced so many war crimes over the past decade, only a handful of high-level perpetrators have so far been tried and sentenced by national courts (the International Criminal Court in the Hague is also prosecuting some suspected war criminals).

In the words of Bruno Mbiango, the first president of the Supreme Court, political pressures and monetary corruption have produced a 鈥渄eregulated justice, a perverted, dirty, degenerate justice.鈥�

With insecurity still widespread and public confidence in the police and courts very limited, vigilante justice has been growing. Police and human rights activists in Bukavu, the provincial capital of South Kivu, report that killings of suspected thieves, rapists and other criminals occur almost weekly. Some are beaten to death, others burned alive.

Mo茂se Cifende Kaciko, head of a human rights group in South Kivu, warns of the dangers of such lynchings, since they deny any rights to the accused 鈥� some of whom may be innocent 鈥� and can be employed to settle scores. Julienne Mushagalusa of the Congolese Association of Women Jurists argues that vigilantism should be countered by prosecuting those who practice it, while at the same time the country鈥檚 judicial system is reformed. 鈥淲e have to spread a culture of belief in justice,鈥� she told a Congolese newspaper.

Although public funding for the judicial system has been growing, it remains far behind other branches of government. The government budget for 2007 allocated 2.6 bn Congolese francs (about US$5.2 mn) to the courts, compared with FC24 bn 鈥� nine times more 鈥� for the executive branch. To some extent, external donors are helping to fill the gap, with the UK, European Commission, UNDP and others financing various programmes to strengthen the courts, train judges and improve the abysmal conditions in the prisons.

Judicial reform 鈥渋s a major challenge for this country,鈥� UNDP Country Director Babacar Ciss茅 told Africa Renewal. UNDP has set up a technical unit in the Ministry of Justice to oversee implementation of the various donor-funded programmes. In the provinces, some courts are undergoing physical rehabilitation. Also, explains Mr. Ciss茅, UNDP and its partners are considering ways to link the regular judicial system with the traditional courts of the Congo鈥檚 various ethnic groups. 鈥淚t is important,鈥� says Mr. Ciss茅, 鈥渢o root justice at the local and provincial levels.鈥�

Local elections on the horizon

When the parties to the Congo鈥檚 civil war were putting the final touches on the Sun City peace accords of 2002, they recognized that the new state could not be effective if it tried to operate primarily from Kinshasa. According to the agreement, the first elections were to be held for local offices, followed by national elections. But haggling within the transitional government and the sheer logistical problems of organizing multiple elections across such a vast country brought a shift. Deputies to 11 provincial assemblies were elected at the same time as the National Assembly in July 2006, but the local government polls were postponed.

Delays in the legislature over basic laws on decentralization and on setting up a new independent electoral commission mean that local elections cannot yet be scheduled, although some Congolese and UN officials believe they may be possible in 2008. Organizing them will be 鈥渕ore complex鈥� than holding the last national and provincial elections, notes Bl茅 Kacouchia, head of MONUC鈥檚 voter registration office. In the 2006 elections there were 385 national and provincial constituencies, but for the local poll there will be more than 6,000.

Nevertheless, Mr. Kacouchia emphasized to Africa Renewal, the local elections will be vital. 鈥淚f we want to restore peace and sustainable security in this country, especially at the local level, the people will have to be able to elect those who manage their day-to-day affairs.鈥�

Since the end of the war, there has been a revitalization of Congolese civil society groups.

Photograph: UN Photo / A. Burridge

Revenue and responsibility

Beyond elections, much is needed to improve the physical infrastructure and institutional capacity of local government entities. Even some of the DRC鈥檚 current provincial assemblies lack proper buildings and office space. Most have only minimal budgets.

According to the constitution, 40 per cent of the 鈥渘ational鈥� revenues collected in each province should be made available to that province. In June, a contentious debate erupted between the national government and provincial governors. The governors demanded that the 40 per cent be turned over immediately, while the government insisted that mechanisms have to be put into place to ensure proper use of the funds.

Mr. Kamitatu, the planning minister, points out that the 40 per cent allocation 鈥渋s not a gift.鈥� The provinces will be expected to use the funds to provide sanitation, protect the environment, maintain rural roads and perform other public services. 鈥淚t is not simply a transfer of financial resources, but a transfer of responsibilities. And for a transfer of responsibilities, there has to be real administrative capacity.鈥�

Genuine decentralization requires transferring both resources and responsibilities to the provinces, says Minister of Planning Olivier Kamitatu.

Photograph: MONUC / Phyllis Grobl

However such details are worked out, the UN鈥檚 Mr. Menkerios believes that the development of viable local government bodies will make it possible to better resolve the many conflicts over land and other issues that exist among the DRC鈥檚 different communities. 鈥淚t is much better for these communities, whose lives depend on the resolution of these conflicts, to address them there [locally], rather than at the national level, where they will become more politicized鈥�. People who live together will be in a better position to compromise.鈥�

Moreover, Mr. Menkerios adds, local elections can widen participation in the political process more generally. 鈥淭hese elections, which did not exist in the past in the Congo, are going to lead to greater diffusion of decision-making, which will lead to more democratic participation.鈥�

Stirrings at the grassroots

Throughout the DRC鈥檚 long years of state decay, ordinary Congolese found many ingenious ways to cope. Through village associations, churches, professional bodies and civil society groups, they tackled the problems of daily survival and sought to defend themselves against rapacious officials, soldiers, mine owners and loggers. Hundreds, if not thousands, of such groups emerged, some operating only in specific localities, others across provinces or countrywide.

During the 2006 elections, some civil society figures joined or formed parties and were elected to office. As a result, maintains Pierre Kibaka, president of a human rights group in Kisangani, 鈥淐ivil society lost many of its activists, especially among the most outstanding.鈥� Deogratias Vale, another civil society leader in Kisangani, concurs: 鈥淭hey left suddenly. That created a void, since no backup was prepared.鈥�

Mr. Menkerios thinks that the war, rather than the elections, was the biggest factor in weakening civil society. And with the end of the war, civil society 鈥渋s on the comeback.鈥� Mr. Ciss茅, of UNDP, agrees. 鈥淔or several years there has been a kind of revitalization of civil society in this country.鈥� While some people went into electoral politics, many others remain engaged in civil affairs. 鈥淲omen鈥檚 associations are extremely active at the moment.鈥�

The existence of vibrant local associations and civil society groups provides an opportunity for the DRC鈥檚 leaders, some political analysts point out. Rather than building a state bureaucracy cut off from society, they have a chance to better link government and administration to the interests and concerns of ordinary Congolese. Over the long term, that will not only ensure that people鈥檚 needs are better met, but also that the new Congolese state can function more effectively throughout the vast territory.

MONUC鈥檚 Mr. Kacouchia is optimistic. If it is possible for leaders to agree on the road forward, then the Congolese people will have a chance to realize their country鈥檚 potential. That will be a tremendous gain, he says, not only for the Congo, 鈥渂ut also for the region and all of Africa.鈥�

A cleaner bureaucracy, a fuller treasury

The Congo鈥檚 civil administration is in need of a thorough overhaul, acknowledges Minister of Planning Olivier Kamitatu. In sum, the goal is: 鈥淟ess corruption, greater efficiency, more transparency.鈥� In September, the Berlin-based watchdog group Transparency International released its latest 鈥渃orruption perceptions index,鈥� in which it ranks countries according to various surveys of businesspeople, government officials, travelers and others. The DRC ranked 168 out of 179 countries 鈥� among the worst in how corrupt it appears.

But, Mr. Kamitatu told Africa Renewal, 鈥淭he Congo has changed profoundly, and I think the Congo is no longer synonymous with an environment of corruption.鈥� Among the changes, he cites the creation of a democratically elected National Assembly and Senate with the authority to grill the executive. There has also emerged a 鈥渘ew leadership鈥� determined to combat corrupt practices and punish those caught pilfering or otherwise misusing state resources.

News reports from across the country indicate that Congolese are taking these changes seriously. In the province of Bas Congo, the director of a national cement company is on trial for diverting cement. In South Kivu, the governor suspended the mayor of Bukavu for embezzling money and illegally selling land, as well as top officials of the local post and telecommunications office after workers exposed the illicit sale of post office vehicles. In Kikwit, employees of a government office to assist small and medium-size enterprises denounced their boss for embezzling funds earmarked for salaries.

A leaner civil service

While seeking to end impunity for corruption at the top, the government also plans to improve conditions for public employees. In theory, this would reduce the temptation to steal and extort simply to survive. It would also bolster overall morale and efficiency.

One problem, says Mr. Kamitatu, is that the administration is 鈥渂loated,鈥� at least on paper. There are an unknown number of 鈥済host workers鈥� on the payroll, with managers pocketing the salaries of these fictitious civil servants. Through a 鈥渢rimming down鈥� of the civil service roster with computerization and other better management techniques, he explains, the funds saved through the elimination of nonexistent employees can be used to pay real workers more regularly.

In recent years, top officials in the DRC鈥檚 various state firms were nominated not because of competence or skills, but for 鈥減olitical鈥� reasons, notes Minister of the Portfolio Jeannine Mabunda, who is responsible for overseeing public enterprises. 鈥淚t鈥檚 essential that things go back to normal,鈥� she affirms. All top management positions in 26 state enterprises were opened for competitive recruitment in June. Since then, out of 6,500 applicants, 1,482 passed an examination, and that number is to be narrowed down to 455 through further screening. The trade unions have been critical of the process, maintaining that they were not adequately consulted. Sceptics will be watching carefully to see if the final selection reflects any favouritism towards individuals aligned with pro-government parties.

Collecting more taxes

One goal of such reforms is not only to prevent the waste of public funds, but also to enhance the government鈥檚 ability to collect more domestic revenue 鈥� one of the key indicators of state capacity in any country. In June, Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga announced that the contracts of some 60 foreign mining companies would be reviewed, since many of the contracts signed during the war 鈥� often with corrupt officials 鈥� allow excessive repatriation of profits abroad and provide only minimal payments to the Congolese treasury.

The government is reforming its tax and customs administration, which currently is fragmented into numerous entities and makes it easy for the wealthy to evade paying. In 2006, the government鈥檚 own revenues were able to cover only 60 per cent of budgetary spending, with the remainder covered by external lending or donor aid.

The government also plans to simplify the tax code, strengthen its 鈥渓arge tax颅payers鈥� unit and set up 10 tax centres for medium-sized enterprises around the country 鈥� currently there is only one. The government already has been able to significantly increase its revenue collection, which rose from 91 bn Congolese francs (FC) in 2001 to an estimated FC529 bn in 2006. Even taking post-war economic growth into account, revenue collection still has risen markedly, from 6.5 per cent of the gross domestic product in 2001 to 13.2 per cent in 2006 ().

鈥� Ernest Harsch, Kinshasa