国产AV

In a stunning and dramatic legal ruling that echoed from the serene court chambers in the Netherlands to the heart of rural Niger Delta in Nigeria, the District Court of The Hague dismissed all but one of the lawsuits brought against Royal Dutch Shell, an Anglo-Dutch oil and gas company, by a group of farmers seeking compensation for the environmental damage caused by the company.听

The lawsuit was filed in 2008 by four fishermen and farmers accusing Shell of ruining their livelihoods through environmental degradation. The claims centred on oil spills that occurred between 2004 and 2007 at the Ibibio-I oil well in the village of Ikot Ada Udo in Akwa Ibom State. The villagers wanted Shell to repair the damages caused to their communities by cleaning up the oil spillage, adequately maintaining pipelines to prevent future leaks and paying compensation for loss of livelihoods.听

The court鈥檚 ruling revived the old debate on the activities of multinational oil companies in Nigeria. When commercial oil exploration began in the region in 1958, many people felt it was the dawn of prosperity for the country. But decades later, pollution and other environmental damage have led to a feeling of discontent and to protests鈥攕ometimes violent ones. The quest for justice and human rights has taken the people of Niger Delta to the courts in Nigeria, and more recently to the United States and the Netherlands.听

Oil exploration and production in the Niger Delta region is a joint venture of multinational oil companies including Royal Dutch Shell, the United States corporations Chevron, Exxon-Mobil and Texaco, Agip (Italy), Total (France), and the state-owned Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation. Shell Nigeria alone accounts for about a fifth of Nigeria鈥檚 total oil production.听

The Niger Delta people鈥檚 ongoing concerns were vividly captured in a 2011 report by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), published after a two-year scientific evaluation of Ogoniland in Rivers State. The evaluation covered 69 sites and revealed serious environmental and public health concerns. The UNEP report found contamination in the soil, groundwater and vegetation. It further found that 鈥渋llegal activity鈥� around the oil pipes had also contributed to environmental devastation.听

The same environmental problems that UNEP identified had triggered activism in the Ogoniland region in the early 1990s, with numerous lawsuits filed within Nigeria against oil companies such as Shell and Chevron. But according to Nnimmo Bassey, an award-winning environmental activist and head of the advocacy group Environmental Rights Action in Nigeria, this did not stop the companies from damaging the environment through gas flaring, the burning of natural oil. When the courts have fined the companies for damages, 鈥渢he corporations have just laughed it off; they鈥檝e just not paid attention to [the] fines,鈥� Mr. Bassey told Africa Renewal.

For their part, the companies have denied the charges, arguing that the damage was being caused by oil spills from pipelines destroyed by criminals looking to make profits from illegal oil.听

The villagers鈥� failure to get compensation in Nigeria pushed them to file lawsuits outside the country. Evert Hassink, campaigner at the Dutch environmental organisation Friends of the Earth, says such cases don鈥檛 bring 鈥済ood solution for the victims鈥� or 鈥渓ead to a better oil field practice.鈥� This despite that some 400,000 tons of oil have spilled in the region over the last 30 years as a result of corroded and poorly maintained pipelines, destroying the environment and ecosystem, according to Friends of the Earth.

Transnational Justice

The first lawsuit against Shell outside Nigeria took 13 years to be heard in court. It was filed in 1996 by the family of Ken Saro-Wiwa, an author and activist, in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, under the Alien Tort Statute, a 1789 law that gives non鈥揢.S. citizens the right to file lawsuits in U.S. courts for violations of international law committed outside the U.S. Although Shell settled out of court in 2009 and agreed to pay the Saro-Wiwa family $15.5 million, it denied the charges that included complicity in human rights abuses and inhumane treatment of the Ogoni people.

鈥淭ransnational litigation arises in circumstances where the legal system in the country where the harm occurs is not capable of providing justice locally,鈥� said Robert Percival, the director of environmental law at the University of Maryland in the U.S., in an interview with Africa Renewal. 鈥淎s a result, the victims will try to sue these companies in [the companies鈥橾 home countries.鈥�

According to The New York Times, 鈥渨hile the pollution damage itself was not in dispute [in the Nigerian case], Shell argued that the spills had been caused by so-called bunkering鈥攐il theft from the pipelines鈥攁s well as outright sabotage.鈥�

鈥淭his ruling will enable more people to understand what is happening on the ground in Nigeria,鈥� said Jonathan French, a Shell spokesman. 鈥淲e have this rampant problem of criminal activities: oil theft, sabotage and illegal refining. That is the real tragedy of the Niger Delta.鈥� The District Court of The Hague, on 30 January 2013, agreed with Shell about most of the spills that had occurred around the villages of Goi and Oruma. So did Mutiu Sunmonu, the managing director of Shell Nigeria. 鈥淚n the past years we have seen a decline in operational spill volumes. These spills, however, were caused by sabotage and the court has, quite rightly, largely dismissed the claims.鈥�

The court dismissed all the claims except for one, for which it ruled that it was reasonable to demand a duty of care from Shell for the 鈥減eople living in the vicinity of the Ibibio-I well and especially fishermen and farmers.鈥� It ruled that Shell therefore should have taken 鈥渟ecurity measures to prevent sabotage鈥� and as a result was liable for damages.听

The ruling appeared to give hope to advocates of international law that anyone could file a lawsuit in any country鈥攐r so it seemed until three months later, when the US Supreme Court ruled in April 2013 against the use of the Alien Tort Statute, which has been part of US law for more than two centuries. The case had been filed by Esther Kiobel, the wife of the late Barinem Kiobel, one of the Ogoni Nine activists executed by the Nigerian military government in 1995. The court ruled that 鈥渘othing in the ATS鈥檚 [Alien Torte Statute鈥檚] text evinces a clear indication of extraterritorial reach.鈥�

鈥淭he court essentially said that we should presume that the first US Congress in 1789 did not intend to allow the US courts to hear cases based on tort that happened outside the US, and I think that is wrongly decided,鈥� said Professor Percival. Despite this apparent setback, the ruling may not have much of an impact on cases from abroad, as 鈥渋t was already so difficult to win these cases.鈥�

There is hope, however, for a landmark ruling made by the Economic Community of West African States Court of Justice in December 2012, which ordered Nigeria to take measures 鈥渢o ensure restoration of the environment of the Niger Delta,鈥� to prevent environmental damage and to 鈥渢ake all measures to hold the perpetrators of the environmental damage accountable.鈥� The hope is that this will set a precedent for the future in reforming Nigeria鈥檚 legal system, or at least ensuring that Nigerians will have recourse to justice within their own country.

鈥淚 think that鈥檚 the trend of the future, that you will see developing countries being encouraged to improve their own legal systems so that they can provide justice,鈥� said Professor Percival. That, perhaps, is a beacon of hope for the people of Niger Delta.鈥�