国产AV

Any challenges?

Rwanda, of course, has faced and continues to face many challenges along the way.

Delivering justice for genocide is a very difficult endeavor. The scale of the violence, with a million people killed, made the task overwhelming. Many people who would otherwise have been involved in ensuring the rule of law and holding people accountable, including judges, lawyers, and other judicial staff, were targeted for killing during the genocide, and much of the country鈥檚 infrastructure was destroyed. This meant that it was difficult to hold many local level perpetrators to account.

A challenge that my Office also contends with is the knowledge that contexts where a genocide took place are more vulnerable for violence to reoccur.

Despite efforts, a challenge that remains for all post-genocidal societies is to foster continuing and meaningful reconciliation. It is a task that cannot rest and remains relevant even for the future.

What is your office doing to protect populations around the world from genocide? What strategies are there, specifically, to protect societies that have gone through genocide to ensure it does not happen again?

My office is tasked with raising awareness to the causes and dynamics of genocide, to alert relevant actors where there is a risk of genocide, and to galvanize appropriate action.

Concretely, we collect information on systematic and grave violations of human rights and international humanitarian law related to ethnic and racial origin that, if not prevented or halted, might lead to genocide.

Considering a wide array of sources from within and outside of the UN system, including information collected on field missions, the Office I lead assesses the situation based on the UN Framework of Analysis for Atrocity Crimes.

The Framework is a methodological tool which my office [UN Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect],听developed to assist with integrated and consistent analysis of the risk of atrocity crimes globally.

When we assess and find that there is a risk of genocide, we act as a mechanism of early warning to the UN Secretary-General, and through him to the UN Security Council.

I also provide recommendations to the UN Secretary-General on possible actions to prevent, or halt atrocity crimes.

Further, my Office works to enhance the capacity of the UN to analyse and manage information relevant to atrocity crimes.

We work to enable all stakeholders, the UN, regional organizations, Member States, and civil society to work together to collectively prevent genocide. We also share information on the dynamics and root causes of genocide, including through high-level conferences, case studies, and expert papers on thematic issues.

Importantly, however, the Office I lead does not possess judicial or quasi-judicial powers. Its focus is on the prevention of atrocity crimes. The legal determination as to the occurrence of genocide and other atrocity crimes is in the hands of courts of law only.

There is a strong link between justice and peace. If properly pursued, accountability for atrocity crimes can serve not only as a strong deterrent, but it is also key to successful reconciliation processes and the consolidation of peace in post-conflict societies and therefore a cornerstone of preventing atrocity crimes in the future.

Accountability is the main mechanism to protect societies that have gone through genocide to ensure it does not happen again.

Other strategies include investing in building a culture of respect for human rights. When we respect each other, and embrace each other鈥檚 differences, there is no space for the commission of international crimes.

In general, we must invest more in prevention by building the resilience of societies to these crimes, through adequate norms and structures that comply with international standards of human rights and good governance, as well as by educating people towards a culture of respect.听

In addition, we must also be ready to take appropriate measures when we see the first signs of concern in particular situations. We often fail to act in time or fail to act at all.

While there is a very broad agreement on the need to prevent atrocity crimes, many times risk factors are not all addressed. Many perpetrators continue to be left untouched. They get away with it. The main reason for this is lack of political will by countries.

The commitment of the global community to prevent the occurrence of genocide and other international crimes needs to be reinvigorated to prompt more effective action. It is important that we understand that the commission of these crimes constitutes a threat to international peace and security. Therefore, States cannot hide behind the claim that these relate to internal affairs to prevent what they call 鈥渋nterferences鈥�.

We must all be ready to act in the face of the risk of commission of atrocity crimes.

You have been very vocal against hate speech. What is the correlation between hate speech and genocide, and how can we counter it?

Let me share a most relevant example in this day of commemoration. Before the actual killings started in Rwanda, the Tutsi were widely and common referred to as 鈥渋苍测别苍锄别鈥�, which means a cockroach and also as snakes. They were reduced from being normal human beings to insects or dangerous animal. This was propagated on both radio and in print media.

Many people in Rwanda, especially the perpetrators, came to believe through hate speech that, the Tutsi were less human than the rest of the populations. Through the media, the government and interahanmwe militia called for the cleansing of the society.

When the perpetrators launched their mission to eliminate the Tutsi, the ordinary people who joined the killings had psychologically been prepared to destroy the Tutsi believing they were doing the right thing. This is the worst form of hate speech that translated to incitement to commit genocide and eventually to the commission of the genocide itself against the Tutsi.

If we have to prevent such calamities, we must be watchful of this form hate speech. Words can be weapons and hate speech can lead to the most atrocious violence. Hate speech is always present during genocide, but also before and after.

听We also need to pay particular attention to genocide denial, a very noxious form of hate speech that still hampers accountability, reconciliation, trauma healing and long-term peace in many parts of the world.听听

听Despite conclusive conclusions in international courts of law that a genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda happened, genocide denial continues to contribute to exacerbate mistrust between communities.

Hate speech, as it previously did in Rwanda, can lead to incitement to violence and even genocide.

Genocide denial of the genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda is also widely propagated in diaspora communities, particularly in societies where genocide perpetrators have not been arrested and are living free. Hate speech trends along ethnic and identity lines are a rising phenomenon, especially with the advent of social media.

Hence, we must counter hate speech firmly and robustly if we want to prevent future genocides.听 But not at the expenses of freedom of opinion and expression.

My office leads the implementation of the UN Strategy and Plan of Action on Hate Speech, launched by the Secretary-General Antonio Guterres in 2019. This strategy sets out guidance for UN entities and other societal actors to address hate speech at the national and global level, enhance efforts to tackle the root causes and drivers of hate speech, including racism and racial discrimination.

The strategy is in line with international human rights standards, and with the right to freedom of opinion and expression.

I take this opportunity to call on all of us to redouble our efforts to tackle hate speech trends both online and offline.

Let me also reiterate, once again, that atrocity crimes do not occur spontaneously, but are the result of a long process of preparation.听 For this reason, it is crucial that new generations be educated with the knowledge, including on how to address hate speech, to recognize the indicators of risk and equipped with critical skills to address these risks before they escalate into genocidal violence. And to foster peace and inclusivity.