国产AV

For a few weeks earlier this year, no one needed an alarm clock to wake up in Bangui. The sound of gunfire, sometimes sustained and heavy, was a morning ritual in the Central African Republic鈥檚 capital city. To most people here, identifying where the shots came from was a survival skill.

Worse still, since early December 2013, Christians, but more so members of the Muslim minority, risk their lives each time they venture out of their now segregated neighbourhoods鈥攁 troubling sign of a deepening religious divide. Killings happen daily. On occasion, cheering crowds have participated in chilling acts of lynching, only to return to normal life thereafter, as if nothing had happened.

On 5 February, not far from downtown Bangui, soldiers from the regular army lynched a suspected militia combatant. It did not seem to matter to them that journalists were filming the scene. 鈥淚t is as if the whole country has lost its senses,鈥� Gen. Babacar Gaye, the UN Secretary-General鈥檚 Special Representative to the country, noted at a press conference a day after the incident. 鈥淲e have experienced instability before, but nothing like this,鈥� Julien Bela, the editor of Centrafrique Matin, a daily, remarked.

Indeed, since March 2013, violence in the Central African Republic (CAR) has reached unprecedented levels. Killings, acts of looting and other violations of human rights have increased as a political transition that started in January 2012 has progressed. By February 2014, a growing number of analysts and officials, including from the UN, were expressing serious concerns over the degree of human rights violations and had taken to describing the situation in chilling terms.

Since early 2013, thousands of Muslims (they represent around 15% of CAR鈥檚 over 4 million inhabitants) have been forced out of the country, in a mass exodus reminiscent of some of humanity鈥檚 darkest hours. On 20 February, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon submitted a six-point plan to the Security Council, urging the world to act now. 鈥淭oday鈥檚 emergency is of another, more disturbing magnitude,鈥� he told the 15-member body. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a calamity with a strong claim on the conscience of humankind.鈥�

Coalition of the unwilling

Events started spiralling out of control after a coup last March led by a loose coalition of armed groups calling themselves 鈥淪eleka鈥� 鈥� meaning 鈥渁lliance鈥� in the Sango language. Founded in 2012 by rebel leaders from the mostly Muslim north, Seleka鈥檚 main grievance was the government鈥檚 failure to improve people鈥檚 lives, especially those from the outlying areas in the north. The rebels were able to recruit fighters from the mainly Muslim neighboring countries of Chad and Sudan.

A power-sharing agreement signed in Libreville, Gabon, in January 2013 between the Seleka, then President Fran莽ois Boziz茅 and the local political opposition ended on 24 March when the Seleka, frustrated by Boziz茅鈥檚 refusal to effectively share power, took control of the government. This ended the first episode of what was to become a rocky political transition. 鈥淔rom the beginning, it was obvious that many of the actors of the transition were unwilling to be part of it. It was more of a coalition of the unwilling,鈥� an analyst in Bangui remarked.

Once in power, the Seleka proceeded to loot private properties, ransack public offices and randomly kill those who resisted their rule. 鈥淎t first we thought this would last for a week or two,鈥� Julien Bela, a journalist, recalls. 鈥淏ut it soon became clear that they would not stop looting, raping and killing.鈥� A December 2013 report by the International Crisis Group (ICG), an organization that works to help prevent and resolve conflicts, noted that the coalition was mainly occupied with carrying out 鈥渁 countrywide, criminal operation that has no other motive than personal gain.鈥�

In August, Michel Djotodia, the coalition and country鈥檚 new leader, officially disbanded the Seleka in an attempt to restore order. He even set up institutions for the transition, including a parliament and an electoral commission. But as the political transition stalled, and with the regular army on the run, the police, the public administration and the justice system no longer or barely functioning, CAR became a 鈥減hantom state,鈥� according to the ICG, where formal institutions were empty shells and insecurity a daily threat.

Seleka combatants, mainly Muslims, continued to loot and kill, particularly the Christian majority. 鈥淭hey would arrive in a village and publicly kill all the men, targeting the Christians in particular, as if to make a point,鈥� a journalist with Radio Centrafrique, the public broadcaster, recalled. By the end of last year, in response to these targeted and systematic abuses, self-defence militia groups, known as the anti-Balaka, emerged, first from the rural areas and then the cities.

A religious divide emerges

Much like the Seleka Alliance, anti-Balaka groups are a loose coalition of minimally structured entities without a clear political agenda beyond fighting a common enemy. Anti-Balaka fighters wield machetes and sometimes firearms. Similar to Mai Mai militia of the eastern part of neighbouring Democratic Republic of the Congo, anti-Balaka fighters wear amulets that they believe provide them with protection against bullets. Initially, they reacted in desperation, in defence of Christians and other non-Muslims. Their avowed enemies were combatants of the Seleka coalition.

On 5 December, the anti-Balaka launched an all-out assault on Bangui, killing not only Seleka fighters, but also a number Muslims suspected of siding with the Seleka. The fighting left at least 1,000 dead in just three weeks, the Red Cross reported soon after. The apparent religious undercurrent of the crisis became a troubling reality. Muslims in Bangui were forced out of entire neighbourhoods. The trend was to be followed in the countryside.

鈥淢uslims and Christians have lived in harmony in this country for generations,鈥� a number of public officials in Bangui remarked. In private, however, others disputed such a rosy picture. A civil servant pointed to one of the grievances long-held by the Muslim minority: 鈥淗ow many Christian holidays are national holidays in this country? Many. How many Muslims holidays have the same status? None.鈥�

By early January 2014, the CAR had become a battle field between the anti-Balaka (Christian militias) and the former Seleka (mainly Muslim combatants). Around 5,000 African forces, now operating under the African-led Support Mission to the Central African Republic (MISCA), supported by some 1,600 French forces as part of an operation called Sangaris, were deployed over the following weeks. They quickly helped prevent mass killings, but security remained elusive, partly in Bangui but more so in the countryside.

Since the conflict erupted, a million people have fled their homes to live in camps, including some 100,000 camped at the capital鈥檚 airport. Thousands have sought refuge across the borders. Humanitarian agencies reported that half of the Central African nation was in need of assistance. Thousands of foreigners from neighbouring Cameroon, Chad and the Republic of Congo have been evacuated, including thousands of CAR鈥檚 Muslims.

Power to a woman

It is against such a dramatic backdrop that countries of the Central African region, at a meeting on 10 January in N鈥檇jamena, Chad, forced President Djotodia to resign over his failure to run an effective government and rein in his unruly fighters. He was immediately flown into exile in Benin, West Africa.

Days later, the mayor of Bangui, Catherine Samba-Panza, was elected head of the transitional government by members of the transitional parliament. She is the fourth woman in Africa to hold the highest office. The new President appointed a technocratic government, promised to restore state authority and pledged to lead the transition until elections in early 2015.

After the new President assumed office, there was a lull in fighting only to start again, prompting many observers in Bangui to ask whether Catherine Samba-Panza鈥檚 election changed anything on the ground. Under pressure from bolstered anti-Balaka groups and with the political tide against Seleka fighters, the latter retreated to the north and to neighbouring Chad.

But insecurity persisted as the anti-Balaka morphed into vigilante groups around the country. Joined by opportunistic criminals and some youths, they started their own reign of terror, targeting anyone appearing to be a Muslim.

By the end of January, the head of the African Union peacekeeping force, Gen. Martin Tumenta Chomu, announced a crackdown against the lawless anti-Balaka groups. This was followed by a similar warning by Gen. Francisco Soriano, the commander of Sangaris, the French operation. A series of clashes ensued. By early March, after twelve months of political instability and insecurity, there were still daily violent incidents in Bangui and around the country.

Beyond the daily tragedy, there are many questions from the events of the past months: Will the departed Seleka fighters who have left major towns with their weapons, defeated but not disarmed, return? How and when will the thousands of Muslims who left their homes and their country return? How will communities that have been torn apart rebuild their lives? How will justice be carried out for the grave crimes committed in plain sight?

For now, in Bangui, answers to these lingering questions seem to be for the future or at least until the sight of soldiers posted in the city鈥檚 main streets, is no longer a banal occurrence, and the sounds of gunshots, heard so often at daybreak here, have receded or disappeared.鈥偺�