%PDF-1.2 % 16 0 obj << /Length 17 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (45) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 142.5 -12.75 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.1482 Tc 0.6482 Tw (THE FUTURE OF FERTIL) Tj 144.75 0 TD -0.0336 Tc 0.0336 Tw (ITY IN ) Tj 40.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -213.75 -14.25 TD -0.07 Tc (INTERMEDIATE) Tj 95.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0849 Tc (FERTILI) Tj 49.5 0 TD -0.0916 Tc 0.0916 Tw (TY COUNTRIES) Tj 90.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -119.25 -12 TD /F2 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -46.5 -12 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0213 Tc -0.5412 Tw (Population Division) Tj 89.25 5.25 TD /F3 6.75 Tf 0.375 Tc 0 Tw (*) Tj 3.75 -5.25 TD /F1 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -46.5 -12.75 TD /F2 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -198 -12 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 178.5 -12.75 TD /F4 11.25 Tf 0.0305 Tc 0 Tw (Abstract) Tj 38.25 0 TD /F2 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -252.75 -12 TD /F0 11.25 Tf ( ) Tj 50.25 -12.75 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.014 Tc -0.0664 Tw (This paper reviews the status of the fertility transition and the processes that have ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0713 Tc 2.3838 Tw (led to the nearly universal reductions of fertility achieved so far. The s) Tj 338.25 0 TD -0.2713 Tc 1.5838 Tw (tate of ) Tj -338.25 -12.75 TD -0.0609 Tc 1.2484 Tw (current knowledge, buttressed by the actual experience of a growing number of ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0073 Tc -0.0552 Tw (countries, suggests that lengthy periods of below) Tj 218.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0357 Tc -0.2268 Tw (replacement fertility are likely to ) Tj -221.25 -12.75 TD -0.0428 Tc 0.0573 Tw (be common in the future. Revised guidelines for the United Nations 2002 Revision ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD 0.1237 Tc 0 Tw (for) Tj 13.5 0 TD -0.0749 Tc 4.441 Tw ( the projection of fertility in today\222s intermediate) Tj 248.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0714 Tc 4.3839 Tw (fertility countries are) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj -264.75 -12.75 TD -0.0308 Tc 5.3433 Tw (proposed based on the recognition that replacement) Tj 264.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0659 Tc 5.2534 Tw (level fertility is not) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj -268.5 -12 TD 0.009 Tc 0.9285 Tw (necessarily hard) Tj 75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0869 Tc 1.2744 Tw (wired in the evolution of populations. The proposed guidelines ) Tj -78.75 -12.75 TD -0.1691 Tc 2.6066 Tw (imply that, under the med) Tj 122.25 0 TD -0.1088 Tc 1.8796 Tw (ium variant, approximately 80 per cent of the world ) Tj -122.25 -12.75 TD -0.0034 Tc 3.1909 Tw (population will be projected to have below) Tj 210 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0296 Tc 2.7171 Tw (replacement fertility before mid) Tj 150.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -364.5 -12.75 TD 0.0248 Tc (century.) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -51 -12.75 TD /F0 11.25 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 180.75 -12.75 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (I) Tj 3.75 0 TD /F0 9 Tf 0.0919 Tc (NTRODUCTION) Tj 66 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -250.5 -12 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1522 Tc 1.8397 Tw (Since the late 1960s, when the baby) Tj 167.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1895 Tc 1.7407 Tw (boom that had raised fertility levels in many parts of the ) Tj -207 -12.75 TD -0.2953 Tc 0 Tw (develope) Tj 39 0 TD -0.1596 Tc 1.9543 Tw (d world was rapidly turning into a baby) Tj 185.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1968 Tc 1.9593 Tw (bust, very low fertility has prevailed in many of the ) Tj -228 -12.75 TD -0.1127 Tc 1.7466 Tw (countries that had embarked early on the demographic transition. Thus, fertility levels have remained ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1129 Tc 0.5254 Tw (consistently below 2.1 children per woman for at least 25 ye) Tj 270.75 0 TD -0.0803 Tc 0.3616 Tw (ars in 20 European countries and Japan, and ) Tj -270.75 -12.75 TD -0.125 Tc 2.5625 Tw (by 1995) Tj 37.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1627 Tc 2.493 Tw (2000 a further 44 countries were exhibiting below) Tj 235.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.14 Tc 2.1275 Tw (replacement fertility. Although such low ) Tj -280.5 -12.75 TD -0.1317 Tc 1.7723 Tw (levels of fertility are mostly characteristic of European countries, they have not been confined to that ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1768 Tc 3.3643 Tw (major ar) Tj 39.75 0 TD -0.1183 Tc 3.3808 Tw (ea. Several Caribbean islands \(Barbados, Cuba, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Puerto Rico and) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -39.75 -12 TD -0.1606 Tc 0.3481 Tw (Trinidad and Tobago\) as well as a number of countries or areas in Eastern and South) Tj 372.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1275 Tc 0.315 Tw (Eastern Asia \(China, ) Tj -376.5 -12.75 TD -0.1169 Tc 0.8294 Tw (the Democratic People\222s Republic of Korea, Hong Kong SAR, Macao ) Tj 321 0 TD -0.1566 Tc 0.7191 Tw (SAR, the Republic of Korea and ) Tj -321 -12.75 TD -0.1529 Tc 0.3404 Tw (Singapore\) are also part of the group and have the distinction of having joined it even though their fertility ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1514 Tc 1.0514 Tw (began to decline well after 1950. That is, for these countries, just as for the early starters, the decline of ) Tj T* 0.0875 Tc 0 Tw (fer) Tj 12.75 0 TD -0.1345 Tc 2.647 Tw (tility has not stopped at replacement level and in this \223post) Tj 282 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1117 Tc 2.3992 Tw (transitional phase\224, fertility may not ) Tj -298.5 -12.75 TD -0.1306 Tc 0.3181 Tw (necessarily return to replacement level over the foreseeable future.) Tj 293.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -293.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 -12 TD -0.1448 Tc 1.0823 Tw (In its fifty years of preparing population estimates and projections for all countrie) Tj 369 0 TD -0.1227 Tc 0.6852 Tw (s and areas of ) Tj -405 -12.75 TD -0.0977 Tc 0.9852 Tw (the world, the United Nations Population Division has been concerned with the challenge of projecting ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1712 Tc 1.1664 Tw (the future fertility levels of countries with very low fertility. Already in the ) Tj 342 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1662 Tc 1.1037 Tw (1968 Revision) Tj 63.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.3188 Tc 1.2562 Tw (, the medium) Tj 57.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -463.5 -12.75 TD -0.0746 Tc 2.5121 Tw (variant projection for Japan kep) Tj 150 0 TD -0.1265 Tc 2.564 Tw (t its fertility levels slightly below replacement level for part of the ) Tj -150 -12.75 TD -0.1668 Tc 0.5043 Tw (projection period, and in the ) Tj 127.5 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1037 Tc 0.2912 Tw (1978 Revision) Tj 63.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1811 Tc 0.3686 Tw (, China was projected to exhibit below) Tj 169.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1127 Tc 0.3002 Tw (replacement fertility by ) Tj -364.5 -12.75 TD -0.1524 Tc 0.3976 Tw (2000. However, until the late 1980s, when projections were being made with a ) Tj 350.25 0 TD -0.1352 Tc 0.1352 Tw (time horizon that extended ) Tj -350.25 -12.75 TD -0.1071 Tc 1 Tw (only to 2025, the number of countries whose fertility was projected to be or remain below replacement ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0929 Tc 1.0679 Tw (level for a good part of the projection period was small. In the 1990s, as the number of countries with ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1305 Tc 0.568 Tw (very low fertility incr) Tj 95.25 0 TD -0.0646 Tc 0.2521 Tw (eased, a more systematic treatment of those countries became necessary. To review ) Tj -95.25 -12.75 TD -0.1641 Tc 1.2516 Tw (the guidelines for the projection of fertility in countries with below) Tj 303 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.119 Tc 0.869 Tw (replacement fertility, the Population ) Tj -306.75 -12.75 TD -0.0942 Tc 1.2363 Tw (Division convened in 1997 a meeting of experts to discuss the cau) Tj 304.5 0 TD -0.0934 Tc 0.9237 Tw (ses of the changes observed and the ) Tj -304.5 -17.25 TD /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 67.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 67.5 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 72 88.5 144 0.75 re f BT 216 87 TD ( ) Tj -108 -8.25 TD /F5 6.75 Tf 0.375 Tc 0 Tw (*) Tj 3.75 -4.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD /F0 9 Tf 0.0493 Tc -0.2743 Tw (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Secretariat. ) Tj 266.25 0 TD /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 17 0 obj 8571 endobj 4 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font 20 0 R /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 16 0 R >> endobj 20 0 obj << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F2 10 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F4 14 0 R /F5 18 0 R >> endobj 22 0 obj << /Length 23 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (46) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1918 Tc 4.1293 Tw (prospects for the maintenance of below) Tj 191.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1562 Tc 4.0937 Tw (replacement fertility over the long run. The assumptions) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -195 -12.75 TD -0.1341 Tc 1.0716 Tw (underlying the ) Tj 69.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0412 Tc 1.7287 Tw (1998 Revision) Tj 64.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1418 Tc 1.6563 Tw ( were the first to reflect the debates and conclusions reached during that ) Tj -134.25 -12.75 TD -0.2887 Tc 0 Tw (meeting.) Tj 37.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -1.5 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0848 Tc 1.2723 Tw (In 2001, a ) Tj 52.5 0 TD -0.0805 Tc 1.5805 Tw (similar meeting of experts was convened to discuss prospects for countries where ) Tj -88.5 -12.75 TD -0.1372 Tc 1.0306 Tw (fertility had not yet begun to decline or where fertility declines were incipient. The importance of those ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1489 Tc 2.3051 Tw (countries was underscored by the results of the ) Tj 227.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1662 Tc 2.6037 Tw (2000 Revision) Tj 65.25 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.0967 Tc 1.0343 Tw ( where ) Tj 36.75 0 TD -0.1689 Tc 2.6064 Tw (their fertility was projected to) Tj 0 Tc -1.3125 Tw ( ) Tj -329.25 -12.75 TD -0.1725 Tc 1.11 Tw (decline more slowly than in the ) Tj 146.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.139 Tc 1.0765 Tw (1998 Revision.) Tj 66.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1384 Tc 0.9925 Tw ( As a result of such a change, the high) Tj 174 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0829 Tc 0.6454 Tw (fertility countries ) Tj -390.75 -12.75 TD -0.0947 Tc 0.4007 Tw (contributed about a quarter of a billion additional persons to the world population in 2050, in spite of the ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1097 Tc 0 Tw (substant) Tj 36 0 TD -0.138 Tc 0.5255 Tw (ial reductions in fertility projected under the medium variant. Were those reductions in fertility to ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.0862 Tc 0.4612 Tw (be postponed further or to be less substantial than projected, the resulting population growth would have ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1658 Tc 0.3533 Tw (been even more marked.) Tj 108.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -72.75 -12 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1684 Tc 1.1059 Tw (Lastly, a further develo) Tj 105.75 0 TD -0.0907 Tc 1.0282 Tw (pment that merits consideration is the discussion of future prospects for ) Tj -141.75 -12.75 TD -0.14 Tc 0.1952 Tw (the decline of fertility to levels below replacement in the numerous countries that are already far advanced ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1567 Tc 1.8442 Tw (in the fertility transition. If, following the precedent set by their Eur) Tj 314.25 0 TD -0.1565 Tc 1.394 Tw (opean counterparts, most of those ) Tj -314.25 -12.75 TD -0.1489 Tc 0.3364 Tw (countries were to progress to below) Tj 157.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1161 Tc 0.3718 Tw (replacement levels as they complete the transition to low fertility and ) Tj -161.25 -12.75 TD -0.0672 Tc 2.4578 Tw (maintain such levels for prolonged periods, both the growth of their populations and the speed of ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.183 Tc 1.1205 Tw (population agein) Tj 74.25 0 TD -0.0674 Tc 1.0491 Tw (g would be affected. It is therefore the purpose of this meeting to discuss the array of ) Tj -74.25 -12 TD -0.1073 Tc 1.7066 Tw (factors that seem relevant in explaining the persistence of very low fertility and to assess their likely ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0734 Tc 0.1776 Tw (relevance and impact for countries that are still undergoing ) Tj 266.25 0 TD -0.0548 Tc 0.3361 Tw (the transition from high to low fertility, most ) Tj -266.25 -12.75 TD -0.0498 Tc 0.9873 Tw (of which have reached intermediate fertility levels. The aim of such an assessment is to provide some ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1482 Tc 1.1392 Tw (guidance in the formulation of specific assumptions about future fertility levels for those countries. Thi) Tj 463.5 0 TD 0.1237 Tc 0.0638 Tw (s ) Tj -463.5 -12.75 TD -0.0571 Tc 0.8946 Tw (paper presents a general approach to the formulation of projection assumptions and sets forth concrete ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1532 Tc 0.3407 Tw (proposals regarding the future path of fertility for the intermediate) Tj 291 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1082 Tc 0.2957 Tw (fertility countries.) Tj 78.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -337.5 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 165 -12 TD 0.0638 Tc 0.1237 Tw (A. T) Tj 21 0 TD /F0 9 Tf -0.0941 Tc 0.0941 Tw (HE ISSUES) Tj 44.25 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -266.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.1622 Tc 3.3497 Tw (The prolonged prevalence of below) Tj 168.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1362 Tc (replaceme) Tj 45.75 0 TD -0.1635 Tc 3.2438 Tw (nt fertility levels leads eventually to outright ) Tj -254.25 -12.75 TD -0.0982 Tc 2.5857 Tw (reductions of the population unless net migration gains are also sustained and sufficiently large to ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1275 Tc 1.1119 Tw (counterbalance the decline in the number of births. Furthermore, in the absence of migration, the lower ) Tj T* -0.2513 Tc 0 Tw (th) Tj 8.25 0 TD -0.1618 Tc 1.016 Tw (e level of fertility attained and maintained, the more rapid the speed of population ageing, and when a ) Tj -8.25 -12.75 TD -0.1392 Tc 0.3267 Tw (population reaches advanced stages in population ageing and a steady decline of the proportion of persons ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0796 Tc 1.1109 Tw (in the reproductive ages sets in, the return o) Tj 200.25 0 TD -0.1196 Tc 1.1405 Tw (f fertility to levels above replacement will not immediately ) Tj -200.25 -12 TD -0.142 Tc 0.369 Tw (halt the reduction of the overall population. That is, just as a prolonged regime of high fertility produces a ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1367 Tc 2.7105 Tw (population that keeps on growing for at least a generation after below) Tj 333.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0.1063 Tc 2.3312 Tw (replacement f) Tj 63 0 TD -0.0963 Tc 1.7838 Tw (ertility sets in, ) Tj -400.5 -12.75 TD -0.1676 Tc 1.1051 Tw (prolonged periods of below) Tj 123.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1237 Tc 0.8946 Tw (replacement fertility create a population whose reproductive dynamics have ) Tj -127.5 -12.75 TD -0.5306 Tc 3.7181 Tw (an in) Tj 24 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1075 Tc 3.4995 Tw (built momentum toward population decline. In brief, neither sustained fertility levels above) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -28.5 -12.75 TD -0.0741 Tc 1.7616 Tw (replacement nor those below replaceme) Tj 183.75 0 TD -0.0958 Tc 1.9083 Tw (nt lead to a steady state in terms of population growth. This ) Tj -183.75 -12.75 TD -0.1363 Tc 0.3863 Tw (fundamental principle in population dynamics has explicitly or implicitly guided thinking about long) Tj 444 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0928 Tc -0.4697 Tw (term ) Tj -447.75 -12.75 TD -0.0998 Tc 3.3498 Tw (fertility trends among demographers in general and in the United Nations Population Divi) Tj 434.25 0 TD -0.0844 Tc 4.0219 Tw (sion in) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -434.25 -12 TD -0.0839 Tc 0 Tw (particular.) Tj 45 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -45 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.1487 Tc 0.4515 Tw (Although our knowledge about the dynamics of populations throughout human history is sketchy, ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.0612 Tc 0.2928 Tw (it is certain that the trends experienced during the twentieth century have been unique. Never before had ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1459 Tc 0.3334 Tw (the world\222s population grown so ra) Tj 154.5 0 TD -0.1665 Tc 0.3004 Tw (pidly and for such a prolonged period as in second half of the twentieth ) Tj -154.5 -12.75 TD -0.1171 Tc 1.0987 Tw (century. And never before had global reductions in the growth rate been achieved by the sustained and ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0985 Tc 0.286 Tw (expanding reduction of fertility among the peoples of the world. In the 1950s, wh) Tj 361.5 0 TD -0.1059 Tc 0.5434 Tw (en population dynamics ) Tj -361.5 -12.75 TD -0.085 Tc 0.2725 Tw (in the developing world began to be measured systematically, demographers warned of the unsustainable ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1335 Tc 1.121 Tw (nature of prolonged and rapid population growth. Population projections were a valuable tool in calling ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.088 Tc 1.0255 Tw (attention to the challenges) Tj 118.5 0 TD -0.0764 Tc 1.0139 Tw ( that lay ahead. Perhaps remarkably, the United Nations Population Division ) Tj ET endstream endobj 23 0 obj 8826 endobj 21 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 22 0 R >> endobj 25 0 obj << /Length 26 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (47) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.116 Tc 0.4614 Tw (projected in the early 1960s that the population in 2000 would be close to 6.1 billion \(medium variant\), a ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1583 Tc 1.0021 Tw (figure very similar to that estimated in the ) Tj 193.5 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1662 Tc 1.1037 Tw (2000 Revision) Tj 63.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1872 Tc 1.1247 Tw (. Even in the l) Tj 63 0 TD -0.1455 Tc 0.833 Tw (ate 1950s and early 1960s, when ) Tj -320.25 -12.75 TD -0.0848 Tc 0.2281 Tw (there was a yet no conclusive evidence suggesting that fertility reductions were about to take place, these ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0761 Tc 0.3708 Tw (projections resulted from assumptions that foresaw important reductions in fertility in almost all regions. ) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0209 Tc 0.9166 Tw (The nece) Tj 41.25 0 TD -0.1275 Tc 1.065 Tw (ssity of those reductions to achieve eventually a steady state in which births and deaths would ) Tj -41.25 -12.75 TD -0.1275 Tc 0.2079 Tw (nearly balance each other was a clear, if perhaps unstated, premise guiding the assumptions made.) Tj 432 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -432 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.0884 Tc 1.0259 Tw (Today, when there is convincing evidence that reductions of ) Tj 279 0 TD -0.0238 Tc 0.8363 Tw (fertility have started in almost all ) Tj -315 -12.75 TD -0.0905 Tc 0.278 Tw (countries of the world, the focus has shifted to discussion about the \223end of population growth\224, a phrase ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0961 Tc 3.4336 Tw (increasingly used to evoke population declines.) Tj 225.75 5.25 TD /F0 6.75 Tf 0.375 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 3.75 -5.25 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1153 Tc 3.5171 Tw ( The results of current population projections are) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj -229.5 -12.75 TD 0.0225 Tc 1.665 Tw (interpreted a) Tj 57 0 TD -0.1145 Tc 1.802 Tw (s meaning that further reductions of fertility are inevitable in every population and scant ) Tj -57 -12.75 TD -0.1528 Tc 1.7962 Tw (attention is given to the fact that, even if those fertility reductions materialize as projected, the global ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.067 Tc 0.3616 Tw (population will continue to increase to unprecedented l) Tj 245.25 0 TD -0.1006 Tc 0.6631 Tw (evels and, perhaps more importantly, that most of ) Tj -245.25 -12.75 TD -0.0988 Tc 4.8488 Tw (the population growth expected will be concentrated in specific regions, thus maintaining the) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1274 Tc 0.3149 Tw (heterogeneity of population dynamics at the regional, country and sub) Tj 308.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1572 Tc 0.2197 Tw (national levels for many decades to ) Tj -312 -12.75 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (come.) Tj 27 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -27 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.1501 Tc 0.3376 Tw (It is in this context that the key question posed by this meeting arises: should the attainment of the ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.0688 Tc 0.2563 Tw (steady state in population dynamics during the next fifty years be the most realistic standard followed by ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1034 Tc 0.9337 Tw (the projections of countries that are far ad) Tj 189 0 TD -0.1967 Tc 1.1342 Tw (vanced in the transition to low fertility? Or, alternatively, if as ) Tj -189 -12.75 TD -0.1287 Tc 1.6662 Tw (suggested by the experience of developed countries, actual fertility reductions have no respect for the ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0696 Tc 0.3107 Tw (steady state and very often produce levels well below those needed to attain it, whi) Tj 369.75 0 TD -0.195 Tc 0.3825 Tw (ch below) Tj 40.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.089 Tc 0.2765 Tw (replacement ) Tj -414 -12.75 TD -0.152 Tc 0.2895 Tw (level or levels should be projected for the future and how rapidly should they be attained?) Tj 395.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -395.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.1185 Tc 0.4384 Tw (In answering these critical questions it will be useful to bear in mind the implications of different ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.1029 Tc 1.7904 Tw (errors. Since no one is likely to predi) Tj 173.25 0 TD -0.1205 Tc 1.6717 Tw (ct the future accurately most of the time, errors will necessarily ) Tj -173.25 -12 TD -0.1775 Tc 1.04 Tw (occur. If, for a given country, projected fertility levels over the long run turn out to be higher than those ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.149 Tc 0.5411 Tw (actually experienced by the country in question, the country will eventually ha) Tj 348 0 TD -0.1123 Tc 0.2998 Tw (ve less people and an older ) Tj -348 -12.75 TD -0.1286 Tc 1.7161 Tw (population than originally expected but, other things being equal, will likely have more resources per ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1463 Tc 0.3338 Tw (capita than with a larger population. If, on the contrary, projected fertility over the long run turns out to be ) Tj T* -0.1654 Tc 3.3529 Tw (lower than ) Tj 3.255 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 60.75 0 TD -0.1033 Tc 3.398 Tw (ctual fertility, the needs of larger numbers of people than expected will have to be) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -60.75 -12.75 TD -0.1268 Tc 0.4327 Tw (accommodated. At the regional or world levels, the predominance of the first type of error will result in a ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1312 Tc 0.2506 Tw (higher population than the actual one and the reverse will be t) Tj 272.25 0 TD -0.145 Tc 0.2387 Tw (rue if the second type of error predominates. ) Tj -272.25 -12.75 TD -0.1546 Tc 1.6171 Tw (In the history of the Population Division\222s population projections, an ) Tj 320.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.046 Tc 1.7335 Tw (a posteriori) Tj 54 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.104 Tc 0.5415 Tw ( assessment suggests ) Tj -374.25 -12 TD -0.0762 Tc 1.6699 Tw (that the first type of error has tended to predominate. Thus, as several commentators have remarked ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0387 Tc 0 Tw (before) Tj 28.5 0 TD -0.1387 Tc 1.0294 Tw (, the medium variant has tended to produce higher populations than actually attained at the world ) Tj -28.5 -12.75 TD -0.1337 Tc 1.027 Tw (level \(figure 1\). Of course, that overall tendency has been the result of decisions made independently at ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1514 Tc 2.5889 Tw (the country level where, especially in a context of ) Tj 244.5 0 TD -0.0892 Tc 2.0768 Tw (unprecedented fertility reductions, analysts have ) Tj -244.5 -12.75 TD -0.109 Tc 1.0465 Tw (underestimated, on average, the actual rate of decline. In particular, because it is difficult to predict the ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1397 Tc 0.3772 Tw (onset of fertility reductions in countries where fertility has not yet shown any signs of change) Tj 413.25 0 TD -0.0881 Tc 0.2756 Tw (, projections ) Tj -413.25 -12.75 TD -0.0671 Tc 0.3869 Tw (have tended to miss the point of inflection. Thus, although by the early 1970s the population projections ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1501 Tc 1.7376 Tw (of the United Nations were already based on the assumption that fertility reductions would eventually ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1224 Tc 2.6849 Tw (occur in all regions, the timing ) Tj 3.375 Tc 0 Tw (o) Tj 158.25 0 TD -0.0879 Tc 2.2254 Tw (f those reductions was uncertain and was not necessarily forecast ) Tj -158.25 -12.75 TD -0.1325 Tc 0.32 Tw (accurately for every country. As it turned out, the ) Tj 221.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0412 Tc 0.2287 Tw (1973 Revision ) Tj 66.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1698 Tc 0.451 Tw (was right in assessing that the last region ) Tj -288 -12.75 TD -0.1266 Tc 0.2391 Tw (to experience significant fertility reductions would be Africa, where fertility ) Tj 339 0 TD -0.1142 Tc 0.1517 Tw (decline was projected to start ) Tj -339 -12.75 TD -0.0841 Tc 0.2716 Tw (toward the end of the 1980s, and that poor socio) Tj 216 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0921 Tc 0.4939 Tw (economic prospects would generally be associated with ) Tj -219.75 -12.75 TD -0.1408 Tc 1.7346 Tw (slow reductions of fertility, as the experience of the least developed countries as a group exemplifies, ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1077 Tc 0.2952 Tw (despite the notab) Tj 75 0 TD -0.1748 Tc 0.3623 Tw (le exceptions that have occurred among them.) Tj 201.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -276.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 -12 TD -0.1617 Tc 3.5223 Tw (The question posed today involves similar challenges. Even if it is established with some) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.1028 Tc 2.4465 Tw (certainty that most countries whose fertility is still well above replacement level are very likely to ) Tj ET endstream endobj 26 0 obj 8839 endobj 24 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 25 0 R >> endobj 28 0 obj << /Length 29 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (48) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0.0433 Tc 2.3942 Tw (experience long p) Tj 82.5 0 TD -0.1624 Tc 2.5999 Tw (eriods of below) Tj 73.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.136 Tc 2.6672 Tw (replacement fertility in the future, the level of below) Tj 250.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.089 Tc 0.2765 Tw (replacement ) Tj -414 -12.75 TD -0.1261 Tc 0.3511 Tw (fertility that each one of them would attain, the period when that level would be reached and the length of ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1519 Tc 0.5894 Tw (time over which below) Tj 102.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0325 Tc 0.22 Tw (replacement fertility would prevail are al) Tj 183 0 TD -0.0666 Tc 0.2541 Tw (l uncertain and difficult to forecast. The ) Tj -289.5 -12.75 TD -0.2031 Tc 1.1406 Tw (experience of the current low) Tj 131.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1301 Tc 1.0676 Tw (fertility countries is varied. In 1995) Tj 159 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1609 Tc 0.9734 Tw (2000, their total fertility levels ranged ) Tj -297.75 -12 TD -0.164 Tc 1.7265 Tw (from 1.12 children per woman to 2.06 children per woman, with a mean of 1.57 children per woman ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.3944 Tc 0 Tw (\(table) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1308 Tc 0.1933 Tw ( 1\). However, for countries where below) Tj 179.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1344 Tc 0.2385 Tw (replacement fertility has persisted for more than five years, ) Tj -207.75 -12.75 TD -0.2496 Tc 0.4371 Tw (the 1995) Tj 37.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1324 Tc 0.4699 Tw (2000 value was generally the minimum attained. If the average level of fertility maintained over ) Tj -41.25 -12.75 TD -0.1293 Tc 1.9668 Tw (the period in which each low) Tj 137.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0214 Tc 1.7089 Tw (fertility country e) Tj 80.25 0 TD -0.1232 Tc 1.8108 Tw (xperienced below) Tj 80.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0829 Tc 1.2079 Tw (replacement levels were considered ) Tj -305.25 -12.75 TD -0.1233 Tc 0.3108 Tw (instead, that average ranged from a minimum of 1.38 children per woman to a maximum of 2.08 children ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.111 Tc 1.0016 Tw (per woman, having a mean of 1.76 children per woman. Further examination of the trends experienced ) Tj T* -0.4059 Tc 0 Tw (sinc) Tj 17.25 0 TD -0.259 Tc 0.634 Tw (e 1950 by the low) Tj 79.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0964 Tc 0.2339 Tw (fertility countries indicates that many of them already were in the last stages of the ) Tj -100.5 -12.75 TD -0.121 Tc 0.6085 Tw (transition to low fertility by 1950) Tj 147.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0893 Tc 0.3449 Tw (1955, having reached total fertility levels below 3 children per woman. ) Tj -151.5 -12 TD -0.1494 Tc 1.2744 Tw (Since the majority of intermediate) Tj 154.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2344 Tc (fertilit) Tj 27 0 TD -0.0766 Tc 0.946 Tw (y countries of today still have fertility levels above 3 children ) Tj -185.25 -12.75 TD -0.1967 Tc 2.7592 Tw (per woman and the group of low) Tj 158.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1335 Tc 2.696 Tw (fertility countries whose total fertility in 1950) Tj 215.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0949 Tc 1.7824 Tw (1955 was above 3 ) Tj -381 -12.75 TD -0.1335 Tc 0.321 Tw (children per woman includes most of the developing countries that have already seen their fe) Tj 410.25 0 TD -0.2025 Tc 0.39 Tw (rtility drop to ) Tj -410.25 -12.75 TD -0.399 Tc 0 Tw (below) Tj 26.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.139 Tc 0.445 Tw (replacement levels, it is useful to compare the recent levels of fertility of the latter with those of all ) Tj -30 -12.75 TD -0.625 Tc 0 Tw (low) Tj 15.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1583 Tc 1.2624 Tw (fertility countries. In terms of total fertility levels in 1995) Tj 259.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.2529 Tc 1.3779 Tw (2000, the group of low) Tj 103.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0829 Tc 0.6454 Tw (fertility countries ) Tj -390.75 -12.75 TD -0.0804 Tc 1.7679 Tw (with high fertil) Tj 69.75 0 TD -0.2925 Tc 2.355 Tw (ity in 1950) Tj 50.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1359 Tc 2.0109 Tw (1955 had a slightly higher mean total fertility than that of all low) Tj 307.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0833 Tc 0.2708 Tw (fertility ) Tj -435 -12.75 TD -0.1261 Tc 0.4386 Tw (countries \(1.71 children per woman vs. 1.57 children per woman\). In addition, in terms of average levels ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1545 Tc 1.842 Tw (of total fertility experienced while below) Tj 187.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1647 Tc 1.8523 Tw (replacement leve) Tj 76.5 0 TD -0.195 Tc 1.8825 Tw (ls have prevailed, the low) Tj 118.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0829 Tc 1.0204 Tw (fertility countries ) Tj -390 -12.75 TD -0.196 Tc 0.7585 Tw (with high fertility in 1950) Tj 114 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1506 Tc 0.4318 Tw (1955 have a higher mean than that all low) Tj 186.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0782 Tc 0.2657 Tw (fertility countries \(1.81 children per ) Tj -309 -12.75 TD -0.1548 Tc 3.2887 Tw (woman instead of 1.76 children per woman\). From these comparisons and assuming that the past) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.337 Tc 0 Tw (experie) Tj 32.25 0 TD -0.2639 Tc 0.4514 Tw (nce of low) Tj 46.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1086 Tc 0.2961 Tw (fertility countries can provide some guidance about the future average levels of below) Tj 381.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD -0.1212 Tc 0.4962 Tw (replacement fertility that today\222s intermediate) Tj 203.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.099 Tc 0.3615 Tw (fertility countries might reach and maintain in the future, a ) Tj -207 -12.75 TD -0.1347 Tc 0.3222 Tw (rounded value of about 1.8 children per women se) Tj 221.25 0 TD -0.1387 Tc 0.2325 Tw (ems to be a realistic starting point. ) Tj 156.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -378 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 -12 TD -0.1152 Tc 2.0754 Tw (Turning now to the two other issues of concern in projecting below) Tj 318.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0585 Tc 1.496 Tw (replacement fertility for ) Tj -358.5 -12.75 TD -0.1866 Tc 0 Tw (intermediate) Tj 54.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0835 Tc 0.3543 Tw (fertility countries, namely the timing of the transition to below) Tj 279.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0662 Tc 0.2537 Tw (replacement fertility and the ) Tj -342 -12.75 TD -0.2267 Tc 0.4142 Tw (length of the) Tj 55.5 0 TD -0.1161 Tc 0.4036 Tw ( period over which it should prevail, past experience provides weak guidance on both points. ) Tj -55.5 -12.75 TD -0.3293 Tc 1.6418 Tw (Among the low) Tj 69.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1279 Tc 1.2018 Tw (fertility countries of today, several experienced a relatively prolonged period of below) Tj 390.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD -0.0832 Tc 1.2082 Tw (replacement fertility earlier in the twentieth century but i) Tj 258 0 TD -0.115 Tc 1.1463 Tw (n most cases fertility rebounded to levels well ) Tj -258 -12.75 TD -0.1529 Tc 0.4404 Tw (above replacement during the 1940s, 1950s and even into the 1960s. In most of the low) Tj 387.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0829 Tc 0.2704 Tw (fertility countries ) Tj -391.5 -12.75 TD -0.1355 Tc 2.573 Tw (that experienced very low levels of fertility in the 1920s and 1930s, that early transition to below) Tj 464.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD (r) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1267 Tc 1.1323 Tw (eplacement fertility was not abrupt, but represented rather a continuation of long) Tj 364.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1178 Tc 1.0553 Tw (term declining trends ) Tj -372 -12 TD -0.0764 Tc 2.5715 Tw (\(Teitelbaum and Winter, 1985\). In contrast, for the developing countries that have reached below) Tj 464.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD -0.1567 Tc 4.2192 Tw (replacement fertility levels after 1950, the transitio) Tj 245.25 0 TD -0.2653 Tc 4.2028 Tw (n to below) Tj 54 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1239 Tc 4.0614 Tw (replacement fertility has been less) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj -303 -12.75 TD -0.0836 Tc 2.6878 Tw (protracted. There is reason to expect, therefore, that if intermediate) Tj 320.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1105 Tc 2.548 Tw (fertility countries reach below) Tj 140.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD -0.1311 Tc 2.0329 Tw (replacement fertility, they might do so relatively rapidly, that is, without maintaining low but above) Tj 464.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD 0.2113 Tc (rep) Tj 14.25 0 TD -0.1747 Tc 0.4872 Tw (lacement fertility levels for a long time.) Tj 174 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -152.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1255 Tc 3.0246 Tw (There are examples, however, of developing countries where the transition to low fertility ) Tj -36 -12 TD -0.1289 Tc 2.5664 Tw (occurred fairly early but whose levels of fertility have not fallen as yet even to replacement level. ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1751 Tc 1.1126 Tw (Argentina and Urugu) Tj 94.5 0 TD -0.1099 Tc 1 Tw (ay are cases in point. In both, total fertility was already low by world standards in ) Tj -94.5 -12.75 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (1950) Tj 21 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.151 Tc 2.4947 Tw (1955, at about 3 children per woman, but it has remained consistently above 2.1 children per ) Tj -25.5 -12.75 TD -0.1477 Tc 0.3352 Tw (woman over the next forty) Tj 117 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1113 Tc 0.2988 Tw (five years, being still 2.6 children per women) Tj 200.25 0 TD -0.1794 Tc 0.5812 Tw ( in Argentina and 2.4 in Uruguay ) Tj -321 -12.75 TD -0.3338 Tc 1.2713 Tw (in 1995) Tj 33 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1672 Tc 1.1583 Tw (2000. Neither high inflation, recessions, war, high levels of education, nor relatively high levels ) Tj -37.5 -12.75 TD -0.1387 Tc 0.5405 Tw (of female labour force participation have produced below) Tj 255.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0941 Tc 0.4066 Tw (replacement levels in Argentina. Whether both ) Tj -259.5 -12.75 TD -0.0675 Tc 0.255 Tw (countries wi) Tj 54 0 TD -0.1347 Tc 0.3222 Tw (ll continue to display such exceptional fertility trends in the future and whether they represent ) Tj -54 -12.75 TD -0.1456 Tc 0.289 Tw (patterns that will repeat themselves in other countries, particularly those in South America, is a matter that ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1431 Tc 0.3306 Tw (will not be easily settled given current eviden) Tj 199.5 0 TD 0.2325 Tc 0 Tw (ce.) Tj 13.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -177 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 29 0 obj 11269 endobj 27 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 28 0 R >> endobj 31 0 obj << /Length 32 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (49) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 108 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1134 Tc 3.3009 Tw (Lastly, with respect to the persistence of below) Tj 230.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0929 Tc 2.9054 Tw (replacement fertility, past evidence is not ) Tj -270 -12.75 TD -0.1477 Tc 3.3352 Tw (conclusive. As already mentioned, the baby) Tj 207 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1999 Tc 3.3874 Tw (boom of 1945) Tj 67.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1895 Tc 3.627 Tw (1960 interrupted the below) Tj 128.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.089 Tc 0.2765 Tw (replacement ) Tj -414 -12.75 TD -0.1261 Tc 1.1386 Tw (period for many developed countries and there is no guarantee t) Tj 289.5 0 TD -0.1078 Tc 0.2953 Tw (hat \223baby) Tj 42.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1509 Tc 0.9384 Tw (boomlets\224 might not occur in ) Tj -336 -12.75 TD -0.0852 Tc 0.3664 Tw (the future in other contexts. In fact, earlier ) Tj 192 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf 0.0421 Tc 0 Tw (Revisions) Tj 43.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1355 Tc 0.4897 Tw ( of the population projections had generally opted to ) Tj -235.5 -12 TD -0.1362 Tc 0.5112 Tw (make the fertility of low) Tj 108.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0806 Tc 0.3931 Tw (fertility countries return to replacement level, at least in the long run. Howeve) Tj 349.5 0 TD -0.2794 Tc -0.2831 Tw (r, ) Tj -462 -12.75 TD -0.15 Tc 0.8375 Tw (starting with the ) Tj 76.5 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0412 Tc 0.9787 Tw (1998 Revision) Tj 64.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1715 Tc 1.0555 Tw (, the return to replacement level by 2050 was no longer considered to be ) Tj -141 -12.75 TD -0.1857 Tc 1.3107 Tw (very likely and the total fertility of most low) Tj 202.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0996 Tc 0.9299 Tw (fertility countries was maintained well below replacement ) Tj -206.25 -12.75 TD -0.0895 Tc 1.402 Tw (level until 2045) Tj 71.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0759 Tc 1.2009 Tw (2050. Partly because of th) Tj 120 0 TD -0.0704 Tc 1.1329 Tw (at change in thinking, the issue of whether 2.1 is a realistic ) Tj -195 -12.75 TD -0.1208 Tc 1.0188 Tw (target level for future total fertility in most developing countries has been raised. If it is agreed that the ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1598 Tc 2.5973 Tw (target level should be changed to a lower number, if would seem appropriate to mai) Tj 398.25 0 TD -0.1425 Tc 1.83 Tw (ntain that level ) Tj -398.25 -12.75 TD -0.1105 Tc 0.298 Tw (constant until 2045) Tj 84 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1296 Tc 0.3748 Tw (2050 since the evidence available today is unlikely to permit the forecast of long) Tj 356.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0928 Tc -0.4697 Tw (term ) Tj -447.75 -12.75 TD -0.1587 Tc 2.6587 Tw (fluctuations in future total fertility. Furthermore, in contrast with the case of low) Tj 381 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1104 Tc 1.4229 Tw (fertility developed ) Tj -384.75 -12 TD -0.1758 Tc 2.2383 Tw (countries, detailed infor) Tj 108 0 TD -0.1139 Tc 2.0059 Tw (mation on fertility trends does not exist for many of the intermediate) Tj 323.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0833 Tc 0.2708 Tw (fertility ) Tj -435 -12.75 TD -0.1247 Tc 1.8122 Tw (countries. Lack of data, therefore, would preclude the analysis of cohort fertility in relation to period ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1667 Tc 2.6792 Tw (fertility to try and ascertain, for instance, if postponement of birt) Tj 306 0 TD -0.146 Tc 2.2085 Tw (hs might depress period rates only ) Tj -306 -12.75 TD -0.2097 Tc 0.6115 Tw (temporarily and if a recuperation would be likely.) Tj 218.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -182.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1094 Tc 1.1351 Tw (In sum, just as the analysts in charge of producing the population projections of the 1960s and ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.0961 Tc 1.7836 Tw (early 1970s, those of today are faced with the task of considering whethe) Tj 343.5 0 TD -0.1116 Tc 1.4991 Tw (r a second momentous and ) Tj -343.5 -12 TD -0.176 Tc 1.1135 Tw (largely unprecedented change in population dynamics will occur within the next fifty years. Will below) Tj 464.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD -0.0828 Tc 0.4467 Tw (replacement fertility become the norm for the large majority of countries in the world before 2050? Will ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1786 Tc 1.3661 Tw (the period of below) Tj 89.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0.2113 Tc (rep) Tj 14.25 0 TD -0.0889 Tc 1.1514 Tw (lacement fertility be prolonged in most countries? Just as our predecessors, the ) Tj -107.25 -12.75 TD -0.0673 Tc 0.3485 Tw (main evidence guiding our decisions today is that provided by the experience of the developed countries ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1154 Tc 1.0529 Tw (and the few developing countries that have already blazed the trail tow) Tj 322.5 0 TD -0.1085 Tc 1.046 Tw (ard very low fertility. Given the ) Tj -322.5 -12.75 TD -0.0892 Tc 4.2767 Tw (rapid fertility reductions already experienced by the majority of developing countries, it seems) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1415 Tc 1.079 Tw (increasingly untenable that their fertility may eventually stabilize at a level considerably higher than the ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.014 Tc 0.2015 Tw (average experien) Tj 75.75 0 TD -0.071 Tc 0.9403 Tw (ced by developed countries. Despite the theoretical attractiveness of replacement level ) Tj -75.75 -12.75 TD -0.1089 Tc 1.1297 Tw (fertility, actual populations do not have replacement as an in) Tj 276 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1509 Tc 1.5884 Tw (built goal, and long) Tj 89.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0967 Tc 1.0342 Tw (term deviations from ) Tj -372.75 -12.75 TD -0.0576 Tc 0.2451 Tw (replacement level may turn out to be more the rule than the exc) Tj 285 0 TD -0.0809 Tc 0.3756 Tw (eption, especially if they remain within a ) Tj -285 -12.75 TD -0.1734 Tc 0.3609 Tw (narrow range of actual replacement level.) Tj 182.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -146.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 133.5 -12.75 TD 0.1037 Tc 0.0838 Tw (B. G) Tj 21 0 TD /F0 9 Tf 0.1034 Tc -0.4784 Tw (UIDANCE FROM THEORY) Tj 107.25 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -297.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.1533 Tc 1.0908 Tw (Recognizing the crucial importance and unprecedented nature of sustained reductions of fertility ) Tj -36 -12 TD -0.0757 Tc 0.3703 Tw (occurring in the absence of crisis, population ) Tj 204 0 TD -0.0463 Tc 0.3088 Tw (specialists have been studying their causes for at least fifty ) Tj -204 -12.75 TD -0.0843 Tc 1.0218 Tw (years. The literature on the subject is rich and varied. However, assessments of the state of knowledge ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1337 Tc 0.9105 Tw (published recently conclude that we are still far from knowing exactly what factors were ) Tj 402.75 0 TD -0.2044 Tc 0.7669 Tw (responsible for ) Tj -402.75 -12.75 TD -0.0603 Tc 0.9978 Tw (triggering and sustaining the marked fertility reductions that have taken place \(Bulatao and Casterline, ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1502 Tc 4.0877 Tw (2001; Casterline, 2001a\). Cleland \(2001a\), for instance, qualifies as \223bewildering\224 the variety of) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0888 Tc 0.6513 Tw (circumstances under which fertility ) Tj 162.75 0 TD -0.0769 Tc 1.0894 Tw (decline has occurred: it has taken place when economic conditions ) Tj -162.75 -12.75 TD -0.117 Tc 0.3983 Tw (have been improving and when they have deteriorated; it has occurred in populations with high standards ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1173 Tc 0.3986 Tw (of living and in those where standards of living are low; it has taken hold in countri) Tj 369.75 0 TD -0.1386 Tc 0.4761 Tw (es with strong links to ) Tj -369.75 -12.75 TD -0.1434 Tc 1.0414 Tw (the global consumer culture and in those where those links are weak; and it has happened under a wide ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1363 Tc 1.6631 Tw (array of political regimes and policy settings. Although one combination of factors and circumstances ) Tj T* -0.141 Tc 1.0785 Tw (may be able to explain the f) Tj 126.75 0 TD -0.1578 Tc 1.0418 Tw (ertility reductions that have occurred in some cases, it cannot do so in other ) Tj -126.75 -12.75 TD 0.075 Tc 0 Tw (cases.) Tj 27 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -27 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.1371 Tc 0.3246 Tw (Casterline \(2001b\) notes that the earliest efforts to explain the decline in fertility linked it with the ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.1448 Tc 1.0823 Tw (other major social and economic transformations that had occur) Tj 287.25 0 TD -0.174 Tc 0.8972 Tw (red in the nineteenth and early twentieth ) Tj -287.25 -12 TD -0.1179 Tc 1.1179 Tw (century in the developed world, namely, industrialization and urbanization. These transformations were ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1193 Tc 1.6193 Tw (seen as increasing the costs of rearing children and decreasing the benefits that children conferred on ) Tj ET endstream endobj 32 0 obj 9364 endobj 30 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 31 0 R >> endobj 34 0 obj << /Length 35 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (50) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.0406 Tc 0.2281 Tw (older g) Tj 30.75 0 TD -0.1268 Tc 0.372 Tw (enerations \(Thompson, 1929; Davis, 1945; Notestein 1945 and 1953\). The importance of mortality ) Tj -30.75 -12.75 TD -0.1067 Tc 0.3383 Tw (decline as a precondition for fertility reductions was also recognized \(Davis, 1963\) and it was argued that ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1002 Tc 2.5377 Tw (changing notions about the family \(Aries, 1962, 1980;) Tj 257.25 0 TD -0.1189 Tc 2.8064 Tw ( Caldwell, 1982\) and declining adherence to) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj -257.25 -12.75 TD -0.0946 Tc 2.4249 Tw (religious and ethical systems \(i.e. the increasing \223secularization\224 of populations\) also played a part ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1167 Tc 0.3042 Tw (\(Lesthaeghe, 1983\).) Tj 87.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -87.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 3 0 TD ( ) Tj -3 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.0945 Tc 0.3758 Tw (However, when these ideas were put to the test, they did not prove conclusive. In the ) Tj 383.25 0 TD -0.0904 Tc 0.2779 Tw (1970s, two ) Tj -419.25 -12.75 TD -0.0771 Tc 2.5682 Tw (large projects to analyse the factors leading to fertility decline were started, namely, the Princeton) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1349 Tc 0.2342 Tw (European Project and the analysis of the World Fertility Survey \(WFS\) data. Both of them reached similar ) Tj T* -0.1486 Tc 0.3361 Tw (conclusions \(Casterline, 2001b; Clela) Tj 165.75 0 TD -0.0934 Tc 0.2809 Tw (nd, 2001b\). The Princeton European Project focused on the analysis ) Tj -165.75 -12.75 TD -0.0672 Tc 1.0047 Tw (of aggregate demographic data for the provinces of Europe during the period of their transition to low ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1091 Tc 0.2966 Tw (fertility, namely 1880) Tj 96 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0536 Tc 0.3161 Tw (1930 \(Coale and Watkins, 1986\). The study concluded that the ti) Tj 289.5 0 TD -0.0712 Tc 0.4462 Tw (ming of the onset ) Tj -389.25 -12 TD -0.1437 Tc 1.2175 Tw (of fertility reductions was only weakly linked to provincial levels of socio) Tj 336 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0983 Tc 1.0358 Tw (economic modernization but ) Tj -339.75 -12.75 TD -0.1464 Tc 1.0839 Tw (unmistakably linked to language, ethnic or religious cleavages. Moreover, the decline of marital fertility ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1545 Tc 0.342 Tw (in Europe did not seem to b) Tj 121.5 0 TD -0.1732 Tc 0.3607 Tw (e fueled by changes in the value of children \(Knodel and van de Walle, 1986\).) Tj 343.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -465 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 -12.75 TD -0.1203 Tc 0.4078 Tw (Focusing on developing countries, many of which were just starting the transition to low fertility, ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.1059 Tc 0.2309 Tw (the analysis of WFS data reached similar conclusions. As in the European proj) Tj 346.5 0 TD -0.0754 Tc 0.2629 Tw (ect, socio) Tj 42 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1067 Tc -0.0808 Tw (economic factors ) Tj -392.25 -12.75 TD -0.1337 Tc 1.1212 Tw (were only weakly linked to the reductions of fertility observed. Women\222s labour force participation, for ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1616 Tc 1.8491 Tw (instance, was not a predictor of fertility levels in most countries \(United Nations, 1985\), and the shift ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1337 Tc 1.5712 Tw (from familial to ) Tj 79.5 0 TD -0.125 Tc 0 Tw (non) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1084 Tc 2.5459 Tw (familial modes of production did not have the expected effect on family size ) Tj -99.75 -12.75 TD -0.1271 Tc 1.7646 Tw (\(Rodriguez and Cleland, 1981\). The availability of more data and the expanding number of countries ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0632 Tc 1.084 Tw (experiencing fertility reductions have not changed these conclusions. A rece) Tj 348 0 TD -0.0593 Tc 0.6968 Tw (nt study by Bongaarts and ) Tj -348 -12.75 TD -0.2138 Tc 0.4012 Tw (Watkins ) Tj 39.75 0 TD -0.2487 Tc 0 Tw (\(1996\)) Tj 29.25 0 TD -0.1124 Tc 0.9346 Tw ( examined the relationships between the Human Development Index \(HDI\), the onset of ) Tj -69 -12.75 TD -0.0899 Tc 1.6167 Tw (fertility decline, and the subsequent pace of that decline in contemporary developing countries. Once ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1872 Tc 0.3747 Tw (more, the lin) Tj 55.5 0 TD -0.1311 Tc 0.2744 Tw (k between the HDI and the onset of fertility decline proved to be weak, since countries began ) Tj -55.5 -12 TD -0.1587 Tc 2.4555 Tw (the fertility transition at very varied levels of HDI. However, those that began the transition having ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1569 Tc 3.4944 Tw (reached relatively high levels of socio) Tj 182.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.11 Tc 3.2975 Tw (economic developmen) Tj 102 0 TD -0.1219 Tc 3.4594 Tw (t, generally maintained faster rates of) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj -288 -12.75 TD -0.0913 Tc 0.2788 Tw (fertility decline.) Tj 70.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -70.5 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.1558 Tc 2.2433 Tw ( According to Casterline \(2001b, p. 2\), \223confronted by the findings of the Princeton project, ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.14 Tc 0.3275 Tw (scholars turned to other explanations to augment, or even to supplant, the dominant theoretical frame) Tj 445.5 0 TD -0.1547 Tc -0.4078 Tw (work ) Tj -445.5 -12.75 TD -0.1394 Tc 4.8269 Tw (in which the primary causal forces underlying fertility decline were mortality decline and the) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1494 Tc 0.9869 Tw (paradigmatic economic and social changes that occurred in Europe in the nineteenth and early twentieth ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.101 Tc 0.5385 Tw (centuries\224. The alternatives proposed have been loose) Tj 240.75 0 TD -0.0764 Tc 0.2639 Tw (ly collected under the label of \223diffusion theories\224. ) Tj -240.75 -12.75 TD -0.086 Tc 6.2735 Tw (The Princeton European Project proved that the explanatory power of variables measuring) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1081 Tc 0.3789 Tw (industrialization, urbanization, state centralization, bureaucratization and other aspects of socio) Tj 421.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1237 Tc 0.3112 Tw (economic ) Tj -425.25 -12.75 TD -0.0503 Tc 0 Tw (statu) Tj 21 0 TD -0.0678 Tc 1.8387 Tw (s at the province level had at best modest effects in predicting the onset of fertility declines in ) Tj -21 -12.75 TD -0.1174 Tc 1.0049 Tw (conventional regression analysis. As a result, better models of how diffusion and resistance to diffusion ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1123 Tc 1.1436 Tw (may work in societies that are sharply divided alo) Tj 227.25 0 TD -0.0989 Tc 0.8489 Tw (ng linguistic, ethnic or religious cleavages have been ) Tj -227.25 -12.75 TD -0.1475 Tc 1.085 Tw (developed. In a sweeping review of the evidence, Cleland and Wilson \(1987\) suggest that no version of ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1361 Tc 0.5379 Tw (demand theory, that is, economic formulations invoking the need for structural changes in the posit) Tj 441.75 0 TD -0.0997 Tc 0.6623 Tw (ion of ) Tj -441.75 -12.75 TD -0.1199 Tc 2.611 Tw (individuals as a precondition for fertility reductions, can ultimately account for the onset, pace and) Tj 0 Tc -1.3125 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0851 Tc 0.3726 Tw (geographic location of fertility reductions in the developing world. Instead, these reductions appear to be ) Tj T* -0.1812 Tc 0.3687 Tw (driven by ideational changes stemming ) Tj 174.75 0 TD -0.1272 Tc 0.1481 Tw (from processes of diffusion. Similar conclusions had been reached ) Tj -174.75 -12.75 TD -0.1395 Tc 0.9699 Tw (earlier by Caldwell \(1982\), who suggested that ideational change \(i.e. \223Westernization\224\) precedes and is ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1467 Tc 0.5842 Tw (partially independent of changes in the forms of production and of population distrib) Tj 375.75 0 TD -0.0865 Tc 0.024 Tw (ution. Bongaarts and ) Tj -375.75 -12.75 TD -0.145 Tc 1.8325 Tw (Watkins \(1996\), after reviewing aggregate empirical evidence on the relation between socio) Tj 421.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1237 Tc 0.3112 Tw (economic ) Tj -425.25 -12.75 TD -0.0828 Tc 0.9787 Tw (factors and the onset and pace of fertility decline, also conclude that much of the decline observed has ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1194 Tc 4.8069 Tw (been propelled by the transmis) Tj 154.5 0 TD -0.0808 Tc 4.9558 Tw (sion of information and ideas regarding fertility control. Their) Tj 0 Tc 0.9375 Tw ( ) Tj -154.5 -12.75 TD -0.1489 Tc 0.39 Tw (conceptualization of what is being transmitted includes both processes of diffusion among individuals and ) Tj ET endstream endobj 35 0 obj 8936 endobj 33 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 34 0 R >> endobj 38 0 obj << /Length 39 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (51) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1401 Tc 0.3776 Tw (families \(at the level of local networks and peers\) and at the level of communities o) Tj 368.25 0 TD -0.1177 Tc 0.3052 Tw (r countries \(global and ) Tj -368.25 -12.75 TD -0.1277 Tc 0.3152 Tw (national networks\).) Tj 84.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -84.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.0847 Tc 0.3258 Tw (In their reviews of diffusion processes and the fertility transition, Casterline \(2001b\) and Cleland ) Tj -36 -12 TD -0.1628 Tc 2.3659 Tw (\(2001b\) suggest that an overarching explanation for that transition probably needs to make use of a ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.2016 Tc -0.3609 Tw (\223blended ) Tj 42.75 0 TD -0.1618 Tc 1.0993 Tw (theory\224 in which, as Cleland \(2001b, p. 45\) puts it: \223\222the engine of demographic change is the ) Tj -42.75 -12.75 TD -0.1093 Tc 1.2611 Tw (structural transformation of societies, and diffusion is the lubricant\224. One possible blended approach is ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1341 Tc 0.3216 Tw (that suggested by Lesthaegue and Vanderhoeft \(2001\) bas) Tj 255.75 0 TD -0.171 Tc 0.3585 Tw (ed on the three preconditions proposed by Coale ) Tj -255.75 -12.75 TD -0.1369 Tc 1.0276 Tw (\(1973\) for adaptation to a new mode of behaviour. According to Coale, fertility reductions would occur ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1266 Tc 0.9141 Tw (when couples were ready, willing and able to control family size. Lesthaegue and Vanderhoeft interpret ) Tj T* 0.1294 Tc 0 Tw (re) Tj 9 0 TD -0.1273 Tc 1.1064 Tw (adiness to mean that the new forms of behaviour must be advantageous to the actor involved, that is, ) Tj -9 -12.75 TD -0.085 Tc 1.8662 Tw (their utility must be evident and outweigh their disutility. In this sense, readiness encompasses or is ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.093 Tc 0.468 Tw (equivalent to the microeconomic cost) Tj 167.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0274 Tc 0.2149 Tw (benefit calcul) Tj 60 0 TD -0.0522 Tc 0.3897 Tw (us that actors use in making decisions. The notion of ) Tj -231 -12.75 TD -0.1496 Tc 1.7217 Tw (willingness refers to considerations of legitimacy and normative acceptability \(that is, conformity with ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1703 Tc 3.3578 Tw (ethical, religious or other societal norms\) of the new pattern of behaviour. To assess the level) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj 459 0 TD -0.1856 Tc 0.3731 Tw (of ) Tj -459 -12.75 TD -0.1004 Tc 0.4129 Tw (willingness it is crucial to understand to what extent a new form of behaviour runs counter to established ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0705 Tc 0.258 Tw (traditional beliefs or codes of conduct and whether the actor can overcome existing moral objections and ) Tj T* -0.1104 Tc 0.4479 Tw (fears. Lastly, ability involves access to) Tj 171.75 0 TD -0.1298 Tc 0.2548 Tw ( new techniques that make the new forms of behaviour possible. In ) Tj -171.75 -12.75 TD -0.0801 Tc 1.0176 Tw (the case of fertility control, the notion of ability depends on the accessibility to adequate contraceptive ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1616 Tc 0.4173 Tw (methods mediated by the costs involved both in concrete and psychological terms.) Tj 362.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -362.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 -12.75 TD -0.0761 Tc 0.3708 Tw (Clearly, this formulation of Coale\222s proposal merges the concerns of the economic and diffusion ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.1202 Tc 1.1577 Tw (approaches. With respect to fertility reductions, diffusion can play a part in both increasing willingness ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.134 Tc 0.3215 Tw (and ability. Willingness is affected by the diffusion) Tj 225 0 TD -0.1432 Tc 0.2473 Tw ( of ideas that transform the normative environment and ) Tj -225 -12.75 TD -0.1398 Tc 4.0773 Tw (legitimize the control of fertility. Such diffusion may be officially promoted through established) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1381 Tc 0.9685 Tw (programmes and focused interventions. Ability can also be enhanced by programmes that make modern ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1556 Tc 0 Tw (cont) Tj 18.75 0 TD -0.0452 Tc 0.8827 Tw (raceptive methods widely available and take steps to reduce not only the material costs associated ) Tj -18.75 -12.75 TD -0.1376 Tc 3.1251 Tw (with their use but also the psychological costs involved. Application of the models developed by ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0812 Tc 0.2687 Tw (Lesthaegue and Vanderhoeft clearly show how fertility reduct) Tj 276 0 TD -0.0722 Tc 0.2597 Tw (ions can be delayed or slowed if any of the ) Tj -276 -12.75 TD -0.1485 Tc 0.336 Tw (three necessary conditions poses a barrier to the adoption of behaviours to limit family size.) Tj 403.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -403.5 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.1266 Tc 0.3558 Tw (In comparison to the state of theory regarding the transition from high to low fertility, the state of ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.0668 Tc 4.0043 Tw (that regardi) Tj 54 0 TD -0.1371 Tc 4.0746 Tw (ng the achievement and maintenance of below) Tj 228 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1329 Tc 4.4454 Tw (replacement fertility is less advanced.) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj -285.75 -12.75 TD -0.0796 Tc 1.0546 Tw (However, it is useful to review the history and state of the former because the latter is probably at the ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0857 Tc 0.3414 Tw (stage the theory of the fertility transition was in the early 1970) Tj 279 0 TD -0.068 Tc 0.1484 Tw (s. The literature addressing the causes and ) Tj -279 -12.75 TD -0.1583 Tc 0.3458 Tw (persistence of below) Tj 90.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1355 Tc 0.323 Tw (replacement fertility has largely focused so far on the importance of socio) Tj 326.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.03 Tc 0.2175 Tw (economic ) Tj -424.5 -12.75 TD -0.1226 Tc 0.4039 Tw (factors acting at the level of communities or countries. As Lesthaegue and Willems \(1999\) indicate, there ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1135 Tc 3.301 Tw (are two dominant theoretical approaches cited to understand the persistence of below) Tj 410.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.089 Tc 0.2765 Tw (replacement ) Tj -414 -12.75 TD -0.1248 Tc 0.974 Tw (fertility. The first relies on economic theory and has two dominant versions: \(a\) the theory of increased ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0752 Tc 0.9189 Tw (female autonomy, proposed by Becker \(1981\) and other ) Tj 258.75 0 TD -0.0647 Tc 1.0022 Tw (neoclassical economists; and \(b\) the theory of ) Tj -258.75 -12.75 TD -0.1162 Tc 2.3806 Tw (relative economic deprivation, advanced by Easterlin \(1976\) and colleagues. In both theories, rising ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1143 Tc 1.0518 Tw (female schooling and employment are crucial determinants of low fertility. According to Becker, rising ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD 0.003 Tc 0 Tw (educa) Tj 26.25 0 TD -0.1568 Tc 1.8979 Tw (tion of women increases the opportunity costs of childbearing for women and therefore leads to) Tj 0 Tc -1.3125 Tw ( ) Tj -26.25 -12.75 TD -0.1052 Tc 1.1004 Tw (postponement of marriage, motherhood and lower fertility. According to Easterlin and colleagues, high ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0803 Tc 0.174 Tw (and rising consumption aspirations can be better satisfied ) Tj 258.75 0 TD 0.0625 Tc 0.875 Tw (in dual) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0808 Tc 0.2683 Tw (earner families, a situation that leads to ) Tj -292.5 -12.75 TD -0.1601 Tc 4.9158 Tw (increased labour force participation of women, postponement of parenthood and lower fertility.) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0842 Tc 2.4063 Tw (Oppenheimer \(1988\) has further suggested that the increasing education of women raises women\222s ) Tj T* -0.0616 Tc 2.4991 Tw (aspirations reg) Tj 66.75 0 TD -0.0631 Tc 2.3934 Tw (arding the qualifications of a future spouse and therefore prolongs the search in the ) Tj -66.75 -12.75 TD -0.1362 Tc 0.3237 Tw (marriage market thus postponing marriage or even precluding it altogether if the appropriate partner is not ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.3431 Tc 0 Tw (found.) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -27.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 39 0 obj 8422 endobj 36 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 37 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 38 0 R >> endobj 41 0 obj << /Length 42 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (52) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.0718 Tc 1.1165 Tw (The second approach relates changes in value orientat) Tj 246 0 TD -0.0776 Tc 1.1089 Tw (ions to family building. For a number of ) Tj -282 -12.75 TD -0.101 Tc 0.2885 Tw (European countries, Lesthaegue and Willems \(1999, p. 224\) report that \223consistent statistical associations ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.103 Tc 0.4512 Tw (have been found between such value dimensions as secularization, weaker civil morality, accentuation of ) Tj T* 0.1237 Tc 0 Tw (indi) Tj 16.5 0 TD -0.1183 Tc 0.9195 Tw (vidual autonomy, \223postmaterialism\224, symmetric gender roles, female emancipation, and tolerance of ) Tj -16.5 -12 TD -0.1099 Tc 0.2974 Tw (new sexual groups on the one hand, and a preference for cohabitation over marriage, delayed parenthood, ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0836 Tc 0.2711 Tw (and lower overall fertility on the other hand\224. These ) Tj 234.75 0 TD -0.1816 Tc 0.5191 Tw (associations persist even when other socio) Tj 186 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.03 Tc 0.2175 Tw (economic ) Tj -424.5 -12.75 TD -0.1261 Tc 3.5011 Tw (variables are controlled for, including female labour force participation, type of employment, and) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.2302 Tc 0 Tw (education.) Tj 45 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -45 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.1629 Tc 0.4004 Tw (Other authors who have tried to address the causes of prolonged periods of very low fertilit) Tj 402.75 0 TD -0.123 Tc 0.3105 Tw (y have ) Tj -438.75 -12.75 TD -0.0862 Tc 1.1308 Tw (proposed arguments of a similar nature. Chesnais \(2000\) in identifying recent changes leading to post) Tj 464.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD -0.1901 Tc 1.1276 Tw (modernity and the baby) Tj 105.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.144 Tc 1.0133 Tw (bust, talks about \223social atomization and related feminism\224, indicating that high ) Tj -109.5 -12 TD -0.1628 Tc 1.2253 Tw (levels of education and the possibility of) Tj 183.75 0 TD -0.1562 Tc 1.2437 Tw ( having their own independent identity allow women to forego ) Tj -183.75 -12.75 TD -0.171 Tc 1.7178 Tw (marriage and focus on their personal achievement rather than on reproductive goals. He notes that the ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1329 Tc 1.3704 Tw (proportion of single women aged 25) Tj 165.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0959 Tc 1.1272 Tw (29 in many European countries has reached unprecedented le) Tj 280.5 0 TD -0.0309 Tc 0.2184 Tw (vels ) Tj -450 -12.75 TD -0.1792 Tc 1.2667 Tw (and that the proportion of one) Tj 135.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1218 Tc 0.9912 Tw (person households, where women predominate, has also been rising as a ) Tj -139.5 -12.75 TD -0.0876 Tc 2.3751 Tw (result of both celibacy and divorce. Chesnais also argues that the availability of collective pension ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.075 Tc 1.7625 Tw (benefits has put a downward pressure in childbea) Tj 230.25 0 TD -0.1297 Tc 1.8172 Tw (ring since it is no longer necessary to have several ) Tj -230.25 -12.75 TD -0.1636 Tc 1.1011 Tw (children to ensure old) Tj 97.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1482 Tc 0.9607 Tw (age economic viability. In fact, the individual\222s economic interest is better served ) Tj -101.25 -12 TD -0.1288 Tc 0.3632 Tw (by maximizing his or her career prospects since the number of children raised is not taken into) Tj 418.5 0 TD -0.11 Tc 0.5475 Tw ( account in ) Tj -418.5 -12.75 TD -0.0877 Tc 2.5252 Tw (computing pensions. Dorbritz and Hohn \(2000\) add that changes in the basic social institutions of ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0844 Tc 0.4719 Tw (marriage and the family have a major influence in reducing childbearing. In developed countries, people ) Tj T* -0.1311 Tc 1.2829 Tw (no longer marry and remain married until d) Tj 197.25 0 TD -0.0599 Tc 0.7162 Tw (eath. High divorce rates are common. Furthermore, married ) Tj -197.25 -12.75 TD -0.1428 Tc 0.4241 Tw (people often live apart for prolonged periods, in pursuing individual careers or other interests. Rising ages ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1022 Tc 1.732 Tw (at marriage, increasing childlessness and celibacy, and high divorce rates seem to be th) Tj 405 0 TD -0.0928 Tc 1.4053 Tw (e traits of the ) Tj -405 -12.75 TD -0.0997 Tc 0 Tw (\223post) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1865 Tc 0.374 Tw (modern\224 society.) Tj 75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -102 -12 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.1909 Tc 0.8284 Tw (However, analysis of trends in low) Tj 155.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0859 Tc 0.3671 Tw (fertility countries reveals more variability that this discussion ) Tj -195 -12.75 TD -0.1377 Tc 0.1928 Tw (would lead one to expect \(United Nations, 2000a; Lesthaegue and Willems, 1999\). Age at marriage or age ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD 0.0279 Tc 0.1596 Tw (at first bi) Tj 39.75 0 TD -0.0744 Tc 0.4762 Tw (rth has increased dramatically in some countries but not in others; cohabitation before marriage ) Tj -39.75 -12.75 TD -0.1262 Tc 1.9543 Tw (is common in some countries and not in others; high levels of illegitimacy \(births conceived outside ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1527 Tc 1.0902 Tw (marriage\) are common in some countries and not in others; ) Tj 271.5 0 TD -0.1071 Tc 0.7946 Tw (policy stances vary considerably among the ) Tj -271.5 -12.75 TD -0.625 Tc 0 Tw (low) Tj 15.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1213 Tc 0.2647 Tw (fertility countries; in some countries there is clear evidence that the current very low levels of fertility ) Tj -19.5 -12.75 TD -0.1527 Tc 1.3246 Tw (are the result of postponement but in others the normal indicators of postponement play a small part) Tj 455.25 0 TD -0.2513 Tc 1.1888 Tw ( in ) Tj -455.25 -12 TD -0.1995 Tc 1.137 Tw (explaining below) Tj 76.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.142 Tc 0.9431 Tw (replacement levels. This \223bewildering\224 situation, to borrow Cleland\222s adjective for the ) Tj -80.25 -12.75 TD -0.1638 Tc 1.7513 Tw (host of circumstances in which fertility declines have occurred, provides a weak basis for ascertaining ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.106 Tc 0.8293 Tw (which factors can indicate today whether a ) Tj 196.5 0 TD -0.1561 Tc 1.0936 Tw (country whose current fertility has still an intermediate level ) Tj -196.5 -12.75 TD -0.1862 Tc 0.3737 Tw (will reach below) Tj 73.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1452 Tc 0.3327 Tw (replacement levels twenty or thirty years from now.) Tj 228 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -305.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 -12.75 TD -0.1136 Tc 4.8011 Tw (That populations with quite different levels of socio) Tj 261.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1059 Tc 5.0434 Tw (economic development and varied) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -301.5 -12.75 TD -0.1552 Tc 0.1552 Tw (demographic trends regarding family ) Tj 165.75 0 TD -0.1598 Tc 0.3473 Tw (formation have reached and maintained below) Tj 204 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1103 Tc 0.2978 Tw (replacement levels of ) Tj -373.5 -12 TD -0.1606 Tc 1.7074 Tw (fertility for relatively prolonged periods suggests that some kind of diffusion process may be at work. ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1414 Tc 0.4653 Tw (What is diffused is not yet clear: values, attitudes, individualism, feminism, consume) Tj 376.5 0 TD -0.0896 Tc 0.2771 Tw (rism, secularization? ) Tj -376.5 -12.75 TD -0.1932 Tc 1.0625 Tw (But whatever it turns out to be, it may be as potent as the diffusion of ideas that has already taken place ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1751 Tc 2.4697 Tw (and that seems to be at the root of many of the transitions from high to low fertility that we have ) Tj T* -0.1161 Tc 1.8036 Tw (witnessed so far. This lin) Tj 117 0 TD -0.1005 Tc 1.688 Tw (e of argument, which posits that the diffusion of ideas and values can be a ) Tj -117 -12.75 TD -0.1458 Tc 1.1302 Tw (powerful force leading to very small family sizes, would justify the revision of the guidelines regarding ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.142 Tc 0.3295 Tw (the projected fertility of intermediate) Tj 162.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1082 Tc 0.2957 Tw (fertility countries.) Tj 78.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -245.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 -12 TD -0.136 Tc 1.0735 Tw (Another impo) Tj 61.5 0 TD -0.0791 Tc 0.4273 Tw (rtant conclusion drawn from this discussion is that the search for lead indicators of ) Tj -97.5 -12.75 TD -0.1498 Tc 1.4623 Tw (fertility reductions likely to result in below) Tj 195.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0798 Tc 1.1006 Tw (replacement levels as a precondition for the formulation of ) Tj ET endstream endobj 42 0 obj 9084 endobj 40 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 37 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 41 0 R >> endobj 44 0 obj << /Length 45 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (53) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1537 Tc 1.0912 Tw (revised projection guidelines would not be a fruitful endeavour) Tj 283.5 0 TD -0.1781 Tc 1.1906 Tw (. Not only is it unlikely that a few easily ) Tj -283.5 -12.75 TD -0.1635 Tc 0.4343 Tw (measurable factors would act as lead indicators but, in addition, it may be necessary to project their values ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0497 Tc 0.2372 Tw (in the future to try to ascertain if they warrant a future reduction of fertility to below) Tj 378.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.089 Tc (replacement) Tj 54 0 TD -0.0798 Tc 0.2673 Tw ( levels. ) Tj -436.5 -12.75 TD -0.1417 Tc 1.0323 Tw (Such exercise will probably result in less reliable projections of fertility than those derived from current ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1434 Tc 1.1747 Tw (methods mainly because most economic, social or diffusion indicators are likely to be far more volatile ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0837 Tc 1.0212 Tw (than population trends. In this re) Tj 148.5 0 TD -0.1149 Tc 1.193 Tw (gard, it is of interest to recall the results of the report by the Panel on ) Tj -148.5 -12.75 TD -0.0991 Tc 0.3937 Tw (Population Projections of the National Research Council ) Tj 255 0 TD -0.1122 Tc 0.2997 Tw (\(Bongaarts and Bulatao, 2000\)) Tj 136.5 0 TD -0.0202 Tc 0.2077 Tw (. In assessing the ) Tj -391.5 -12.75 TD -0.1094 Tc 0.2969 Tw (adequacy of lead indicators to project total fertility from) Tj 249 0 TD -0.2127 Tc 0.7752 Tw ( one five) Tj 39.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1449 Tc 0.5199 Tw (year period to the next, the Panel found ) Tj -292.5 -12.75 TD -0.1688 Tc 1.0688 Tw (that, for countries in the middle of the transition to low fertility, the rate of fertility change in the period ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1046 Tc 1.0998 Tw (immediately preceding the reference period had the strongest predictive power for the rate o) Tj 417.75 0 TD -0.1787 Tc 0.6162 Tw (f change in ) Tj -417.75 -12.75 TD -0.1063 Tc 1.9009 Tw (the reference period when compared with other socio) Tj 248.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0833 Tc 1.7708 Tw (economic factors \(i.e., infant mortality, female ) Tj -252 -12.75 TD -0.1188 Tc 0.2563 Tw (secondary school enrollment, and percentage urban\). However, the predictive power of the rate of fertility ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1153 Tc 0.9028 Tw (change declined for periods further ) Tj 162 0 TD -0.1242 Tc 1.0081 Tw (apart and it was virtually nil for trends more than ten years into the ) Tj -162 -12.75 TD -0.1639 Tc 1.0181 Tw (future. For countries very far advanced in the transition, the analysis did not find any useful predictor of ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1541 Tc 0.3416 Tw (future fertility trends, even over a five) Tj 168 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2744 Tc 0.4619 Tw (year horizon.) Tj 57 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -192.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.262 Tc 1.6995 Tw (Lastly, it is worth) Tj 79.5 0 TD -0.119 Tc 1.0565 Tw ( noting that one clear implication of the theories of fertility decline is that the ) Tj -115.5 -12.75 TD -0.1121 Tc 1.165 Tw (availability of effective contraceptive methods is an important condition facilitating the maintenance of ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1259 Tc 1.8134 Tw (very low fertility levels. It is an empirical finding that most so) Tj 290.25 0 TD -0.2182 Tc 1.9057 Tw (cieties with below) Tj 82.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0864 Tc 1.0239 Tw (replacement fertility ) Tj -376.5 -12 TD -0.0958 Tc 0.5039 Tw (levels has very high levels of contraceptive prevalence, normally surpassing 65 or 70 per cent of women ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0682 Tc 0.388 Tw (of reproductive age and in some cases reaching levels as high as 85 per cent. If the intermediate) Tj 431.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0833 Tc 0.2708 Tw (fertility ) Tj -435 -12.75 TD -0.165 Tc 0 Tw (cou) Tj 15.75 0 TD -0.1681 Tc 1.1056 Tw (ntries of today are to reach below replacement fertility, their levels of contraception will have to rise ) Tj -15.75 -12.75 TD -0.1098 Tc 0.2973 Tw (significantly. The attainment and maintenance of below) Tj 247.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0962 Tc 0.4712 Tw (replacement fertility \(or even of fertility at about ) Tj -251.25 -12.75 TD -0.1138 Tc 0.4513 Tw (replacement level\) will generally involve ) Tj 185.25 0 TD -0.0862 Tc 0.3487 Tw (easy access to a modern contraceptive method for most women ) Tj -185.25 -12.75 TD -0.135 Tc 0.3225 Tw (on a sustained basis.) Tj 90 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 144 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj -86.25 -12 TD 0.02 Tc 0.1675 Tw (C. T) Tj 20.25 0 TD /F0 9 Tf 0.0881 Tc -0.3381 Tw (HE PARAMETERS OF THE) Tj 107.25 0 TD -0.2867 Tc 0.2867 Tw ( PROBLEM) Tj 45 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -320.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 -12.75 TD -0.1324 Tc 1.0699 Tw (The issue of whether intermediate) Tj 153.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1504 Tc 1.0879 Tw (fertility countries will reach and maintain below) Tj 216.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.089 Tc 0.2765 Tw (replacement ) Tj -414 -12.75 TD -0.183 Tc 1.1205 Tw (levels of fertility before 2050 needs to be) Tj 186 0 TD -0.1729 Tc 0.9604 Tw ( addressed with respect to specific countries, namely those that ) Tj -186 -12.75 TD -0.165 Tc 2.426 Tw (are already far advanced in the transition to low fertility but where total fertility remains above 2.1 ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1416 Tc 0.3291 Tw (children per woman, with this value taken as the marker of below) Tj 290.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1078 Tc 0.2953 Tw (replacement level. Bef) Tj 99.75 0 TD -0.1479 Tc 0.3354 Tw (ore the transition ) Tj -393.75 -12.75 TD -0.1043 Tc 1.2392 Tw (to low fertility started, most of the 143 countries in the developing world had total fertility levels of 5 ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1446 Tc 1.0426 Tw (children per woman or higher. Today, only 49 countries still do. Among the rest, 73 had a total fertility ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.2149 Tc 1.1524 Tw (ranging from 2.1 childr) Tj 104.25 0 TD -0.1639 Tc 1.1696 Tw (en per woman to just under 5 children per woman in 1995) Tj 264.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1127 Tc 0.6752 Tw (2000, and 21 already ) Tj -372.75 -12.75 TD -0.3112 Tc 1.2487 Tw (had below) Tj 45.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1377 Tc 1.0752 Tw (replacement fertility. In addition, one developed country, Albania, also had a total fertility in ) Tj -49.5 -12.75 TD -0.1537 Tc 2.5287 Tw (the range of 2.1 to 5 children per woman. Since fertility declines amon) Tj 337.5 0 TD -0.1397 Tc 1.8272 Tw (g developing countries have ) Tj -337.5 -12.75 TD -0.1516 Tc 0.232 Tw (averaged about one child per decade during 1950) Tj 216 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.155 Tc 0.4925 Tw (2000, it is feasible that most countries with total fertility ) Tj -219.75 -12.75 TD -0.1609 Tc 0.5627 Tw (levels below 5 children per woman in 1995) Tj 192 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.124 Tc 0.4479 Tw (2000 may reach total fertility levels of 2 children per woman ) Tj -196.5 -12.75 TD -0.1241 Tc 0.3116 Tw (or less over t) Tj 57 0 TD -0.1598 Tc 0.3473 Tw (he projection span \(2000) Tj 108.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1194 Tc 0.3069 Tw (2050\) even if, as observed, the speed of fertility decline decelerates ) Tj -169.5 -12.75 TD -0.1267 Tc 1.6735 Tw (as lower levels of fertility are reached. Consequently, the set of countries considered as candidates to ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.2351 Tc 1.1726 Tw (reach below) Tj 54 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0697 Tc 1.1947 Tw (replacement fertility during the projection) Tj 189.75 0 TD -0.0811 Tc 1.1019 Tw ( period includes all those whose total fertility in ) Tj -247.5 -12.75 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (1995) Tj 21 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1388 Tc 0.2847 Tw (2000 was estimated to range from 2.1 children per women to just under 5 children per woman \(table ) Tj -25.5 -12.75 TD -0.2133 Tc 1.1903 Tw (2\). The 74 countries in the group accounted for 43 per cent of the world population in 2000 and inclu) Tj 457.5 0 TD -0.06 Tc 0.2475 Tw (de ) Tj -457.5 -12.75 TD -0.1483 Tc 0.9251 Tw (such populous countries as India, Indonesia, Brazil, Bangladesh, Mexico, the Philippines, Viet Nam and ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1515 Tc 0.4461 Tw (Egypt, listed in order of decreasing population size.) Tj 227.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -191.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0816 Tc 1.0191 Tw (Table 2 shows selected indicators of past fertility trends for the set of 74 countries that wil) Tj 414.75 0 TD -0.3325 Tc 1.27 Tw (l be ) Tj -450.75 -12.75 TD -0.137 Tc 1.6995 Tw (identified from here on as the \223intermediate) Tj 201.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1449 Tc 1.6657 Tw (fertility countries\224. Based on the estimated levels of total ) Tj -205.5 -12 TD -0.1118 Tc 0.2993 Tw (fertility for every five) Tj 96.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0958 Tc 0.2833 Tw (year period from 1950) Tj 99.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0503 Tc 0.6128 Tw (1955 to 1995) Tj 59.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0811 Tc 0.3624 Tw (2000, table 2 indicates the maximum and the ) Tj -267 -12.75 TD -0.1629 Tc 0.3504 Tw (minimum total fertility reached during 19) Tj 183 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (50) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1282 Tc 0.1907 Tw (2000 as well as an estimate of the average decline per decade ) Tj ET endstream endobj 45 0 obj 9884 endobj 43 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 37 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 44 0 R >> endobj 47 0 obj << /Length 48 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (54) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.0902 Tc 0.9836 Tw (implied by the maximum and minimum values of total fertility and an estimate of average declines \(or ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0936 Tc 0.2811 Tw (increases\) per decade between 1975) Tj 159.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.045 Tc 0.6075 Tw (1980 and 1995) Tj 66.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1246 Tc 0.6336 Tw (2000. On the basis of such indicators, it) Tj 178.5 0 TD -0.0443 Tc 0.4193 Tw ( is clear that ) Tj -412.5 -12.75 TD -0.1635 Tc 0.351 Tw (for the vast majority of the intermediate) Tj 175.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.124 Tc 0.3115 Tw (fertility countries the highest fertility levels were reached early in ) Tj -179.25 -12.75 TD -0.2496 Tc 1.9371 Tw (the 1950) Tj 39 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1724 Tc 1.8599 Tw (2000 period and that the lowest levels correspond to those estimated for 1995) Tj 357.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.125 Tc 1.3125 Tw (2000. That is, ) Tj -404.25 -12 TD -0.0725 Tc 2.51 Tw (fertility reductions start) Tj 108.75 0 TD -0.1028 Tc 2.6403 Tw (ed about 40 to 45 years ago in this group of countries and have generally ) Tj -108.75 -12.75 TD -0.1194 Tc 0.4944 Tw (continued unabated up to 1995) Tj 136.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0906 Tc 0.2099 Tw (2000. However, some exceptions to this general trend are evident. French ) Tj -140.25 -12.75 TD -0.1181 Tc 1.192 Tw (Guiana and Guam, for instance, experienced an increase in total fertility betwe) Tj 357.75 0 TD -0.27 Tc 1.2075 Tw (en 1975) Tj 35.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1814 Tc 1.1189 Tw (1980 and 1995) Tj 66.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -463.5 -12.75 TD -0.4125 Tc (2000.) Tj 24 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 12 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0943 Tc 0.3287 Tw (Furthermore, the speed of the decline of fertility for each particular country has varied over time. ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.1567 Tc 1.7505 Tw (Countries whose fertility declined significantly early on are more likely to have reached low levels of ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1018 Tc 0.2893 Tw (total fertility and, g) Tj 85.5 0 TD -0.1093 Tc 0.2968 Tw (iven the time elapsed since the start of the decline, could have already attained below) Tj 378.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12 TD -0.0976 Tc 1.0351 Tw (replacement fertility if they were prone to do so. To detect countries where the decline of fertility may ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1098 Tc 0.2973 Tw (have decelerated sufficiently so as to cast doubts about wheth) Tj 273 0 TD -0.1201 Tc 0.3076 Tw (er they might be ready to proceed to below) Tj 191.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD -0.1633 Tc 0.9684 Tw (replacement levels in the near future, a comparison of the average declines per decade calculated for the ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1059 Tc 0.3871 Tw (whole period of decline and that calculated since 1975 is made. When the average decline for 1975) Tj 441.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw (2000 ) Tj -445.5 -12.75 TD 0.2062 Tc 1.4813 Tw (is l) Tj 13.5 0 TD -0.0895 Tc 0.9875 Tw (ower than that estimated as of the start of fertility reductions, a slowdown of the rate of decline has ) Tj -13.5 -12.75 TD -0.1011 Tc 2.8271 Tw (occurred. Slowdowns have been fairly common, but they generally involve just a small difference) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1845 Tc 1.122 Tw (between the average rates of decline for the two periods) Tj 252 0 TD -0.1381 Tc 0.8256 Tw ( considered. However, important differences are ) Tj -252 -12 TD -0.1095 Tc 1.1352 Tw (noticeable in the cases of R\351union in Africa; East Timor and Malaysia in Asia; Bahamas, Chile, Costa ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.09 Tc 0.2359 Tw (Rica and Guyana, and to a lesser extent Jamaica and Venezuela in Latin America and the Caribbean; and ) Tj T* 0.1537 Tc 1.5338 Tw (in Fi) Tj 22.5 0 TD -0.1097 Tc 1.8441 Tw (ji and Samoa in Oceania. Further examination of fertility trends indicates that in East Timor an ) Tj -22.5 -12.75 TD -0.0883 Tc 0.3174 Tw (increase of fertility occurred after 1975; that fertility in Chile and R\351union has been below 3 children per ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0854 Tc 1.7729 Tw (woman since 1980 but reductions since then have be) Tj 247.5 0 TD -0.0808 Tc 1.7683 Tw (en very slow; and that fertility remains high in ) Tj -247.5 -12.75 TD -0.1949 Tc 0.3824 Tw (Samoa where it has changed little since 1980.) Tj 200.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -164.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1165 Tc 1.054 Tw (Other countries with strikingly slow declines of fertility during 1950) Tj 309.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0771 Tc 0.6396 Tw (2000 are Argentina, Israel ) Tj -349.5 -12.75 TD -0.1206 Tc 1.2248 Tw (and Uruguay, all of which attained relatively low fertility le) Tj 273.75 0 TD -0.0636 Tc 1.0845 Tw (vels early on and have not shown signs of ) Tj -273.75 -12.75 TD -0.1286 Tc 0.363 Tw (reaching even replacement level, let alone levels below that. The identification of countries such as these, ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1028 Tc 0.2903 Tw (where the long) Tj 65.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1536 Tc 0.4564 Tw (term decline of fertility has not automatically led to levels below replacement is importa) Tj 390 0 TD 0.1237 Tc 0.8138 Tw (nt ) Tj -459 -12.75 TD -0.1416 Tc 0.9467 Tw (because, in reviewing the guidelines for the projection of future fertility declines, it will be necessary to ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0964 Tc 0.2839 Tw (justify that their fertility will eventually reach below) Tj 233.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0973 Tc 0.4723 Tw (replacement levels or, alternatively, to treat them as ) Tj -237 -12.75 TD -0.1189 Tc 0.3064 Tw (exceptional cases if their fert) Tj 127.5 0 TD -0.1938 Tc 0.475 Tw (ility is not projected to dip below replacement level.) Tj 228.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -320.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 3 0 TD ( ) Tj -3 -12 TD -0.1155 Tc 2.553 Tw (Table 3 presents another view of the current status of the intermediate) Tj 335.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1037 Tc 1.7912 Tw (fertility countries. It ) Tj -375 -12.75 TD -0.1519 Tc 2.3894 Tw (displays, for comparison purposes, the most recent data on contraceptive prevalence in terms of the ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD 0.0013 Tc 0 Tw (pro) Tj 14.25 0 TD -0.1067 Tc 1.9442 Tw (portion of women of reproductive age using some method of contraception and the proportion of ) Tj -14.25 -12.75 TD -0.0801 Tc 0.9239 Tw (women of reproductive age using modern methods, together with a measure of the average change per ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1696 Tc 1.8571 Tw (decade in the proportion of women using some method. In addition) Tj 311.25 0 TD -0.1389 Tc 1.6121 Tw (, the table shows the total fertility ) Tj -311.25 -12.75 TD -0.1556 Tc 0.3431 Tw (estimates for 1995) Tj 81 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1031 Tc 0.2906 Tw (2000 derived from the ) Tj 102 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0412 Tc 0.2287 Tw (2000 Revision) Tj 64.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.0914 Tc 0.2039 Tw (, the estimated rate of change per decade of total ) Tj -252 -12.75 TD -0.1492 Tc 2.2118 Tw (fertility between 1975) Tj 100.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1132 Tc 1.8007 Tw (1980 and 1995) Tj 69 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0635 Tc 1.526 Tw (2000, an estimate of actual replacement level fertility for each ) Tj -177 -12 TD -0.2079 Tc 0.3954 Tw (country in ) Tj 48 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (2045) Tj 21.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0741 Tc 0.3616 Tw (2050, the lowest value of total fertility projected according to the medium variant of the ) Tj -74.25 -12.75 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0412 Tc 0.9787 Tw (2000 Revision) Tj 63.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1681 Tc 1.1056 Tw ( \(also called the target level\), and the beginning year of the five) Tj 288 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2132 Tc 1.1507 Tw (year period in which that ) Tj -355.5 -12.75 TD -0.1664 Tc 1.0206 Tw (target level will be reached according to the medium ) Tj 242.25 0 TD -0.155 Tc 0.8425 Tw (variant of the ) Tj 63.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0813 Tc 1.0188 Tw (2000 Revision.) Tj 67.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1662 Tc 1.1037 Tw ( These data highlight ) Tj -373.5 -12.75 TD -0.1554 Tc 0.3429 Tw (the fact that in the ) Tj 82.5 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1037 Tc 0.2912 Tw (2000 Revision) Tj 63.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1908 Tc 0.5033 Tw ( the vast majority of the intermediate) Tj 162.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1277 Tc 0.1652 Tw (fertility countries were projected to ) Tj -312.75 -12.75 TD -0.1159 Tc 0.3034 Tw (reach a total fertility of 2.1 children per woman long before 2045) Tj 288.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1452 Tc 0.3327 Tw (2050 and, consequently, the) Tj 124.5 0 TD -0.135 Tc -0.0525 Tw (ir projected ) Tj -417.75 -12.75 TD -0.0677 Tc 1.0052 Tw (fertility remained constant at 2.1 children per woman for lengthy periods \(30 years or more\). If recent ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1426 Tc 0.3301 Tw (history is any guide to the future, no population has achieved as yet such a perfect match of actual fertility ) Tj T* -0.1188 Tc 1.0563 Tw (levels with replacement leve) Tj 129.75 0 TD -0.1175 Tc 1.2596 Tw (l. Especially over lengthy periods, fluctuations in trends may be expected, ) Tj -129.75 -12 TD -0.1074 Tc 1.2793 Tw (and the possibility of surpassing replacement level or falling below it over lengthy stretches cannot be ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1663 Tc 3.2856 Tw (discarded. The expectation so far has been that, on average, the fertility) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj 351 0 TD -0.1304 Tc 2.5679 Tw (of actual population will ) Tj ET endstream endobj 48 0 obj 10111 endobj 46 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 37 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 47 0 R >> endobj 50 0 obj << /Length 51 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (55) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1669 Tc 1.0603 Tw (eventually fluctuate around replacement level and therefore the constancy of that level in the long run is ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1402 Tc 0.2027 Tw (appropriate. The change of assumptions being considered now implies that a level below) Tj 390.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1322 Tc 0.3197 Tw (replacement will ) Tj -394.5 -12.75 TD -0.1485 Tc 0.336 Tw (be reached by most ) Tj 89.25 0 TD -0.1866 Tc 0 Tw (intermediate) Tj 54.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.11 Tc 0.2975 Tw (fertility countries before 2050. Once a target level below) Tj 252 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0756 Tc 0.2631 Tw (replacement is ) Tj -403.5 -12.75 TD -0.1355 Tc 0.2761 Tw (adopted, projections will be prepared following the same strategy as heretofore, that is, by establishing the ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1491 Tc 0.3366 Tw (target period when the target level will be reached and the) Tj 256.5 0 TD -0.1641 Tc 0.3516 Tw (n keeping that level constant until the end of the ) Tj -256.5 -12.75 TD -0.1284 Tc 0.5034 Tw (projection period. Because of the size and importance of many of the intermediate) Tj 366 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0787 Tc 0.2662 Tw (fertility countries, this ) Tj -369.75 -12.75 TD -0.0779 Tc 1.8592 Tw (strategy will reduce considerably the total fertility of the world as a whole and will likely red) Tj 439.5 0 TD -0.0735 Tc 0.636 Tw (uce to ) Tj -439.5 -12.75 TD -0.399 Tc 0 Tw (below) Tj 26.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1191 Tc 0.3534 Tw (replacement levels the total fertility of the world starting in 2040 or earlier. The crucial importance ) Tj -30 -12.75 TD -0.1708 Tc 0.3583 Tw (of this outcome cannot be overemphasized.) Tj 190.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -154.5 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.114 Tc 4.2246 Tw (A comparison of recent fertility estimates with the available data on reported levels of) Tj 0 Tc 0.9375 Tw ( ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.0155 Tc 0 Tw (contrac) Tj 33 0 TD -0.1372 Tc 1.0247 Tw (eptive prevalence indicates that there are marked discrepancies between the two for a number of ) Tj -33 -12 TD -0.1382 Tc 1.8757 Tw (countries. Sudan, for example, has very low levels of contraceptive prevalence and, although its total ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.123 Tc 0.5605 Tw (fertility is estimated at nearly 5 children per woman, it) Tj 243.75 0 TD -0.0824 Tc 0.3532 Tw (s level may have been underestimated. In the case ) Tj -243.75 -12.75 TD -0.1437 Tc 1.0812 Tw (of Lesotho, the lack of recent data on contraceptive prevalence does not allow a similar check. Possible ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1266 Tc 0.3141 Tw (discrepancies between contraceptive prevalence and the estimated levels of total fertility may also e) Tj 440.25 0 TD -0.1681 Tc 0.7306 Tw (xist in ) Tj -440.25 -12.75 TD -0.0485 Tc 0.236 Tw (the cases of Guyana, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Myanmar and the United Arab Emirates. In preparing ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1307 Tc 0.2557 Tw (new estimates, the reasons for these discrepancies will need to be analysed further.) Tj 364.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -328.5 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1478 Tc 3.252 Tw (However, assuming that all the data are correct, significant ) Tj 3.0038 Tc 0 Tw (r) Tj 291.75 0 TD -0.142 Tc 3.3295 Tw (eductions of fertility achieved) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj -327.75 -12.75 TD -0.1267 Tc 1.0642 Tw (without marked increases in contraceptive prevalence could only have come about by major changes in ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0888 Tc 1.0263 Tw (the other proximate determinants of fertility \(i.e., the timing of marriage or the start of exposure to the ) Tj T* -0.0972 Tc 1.7847 Tw (risk of childbea) Tj 72 0 TD -0.1199 Tc 1.5824 Tw (ring, changes in fecundability associated with postpartum abstinence, amenorrhea, and ) Tj -72 -12.75 TD -0.1433 Tc 1.1808 Tw (breastfeeding, and foetal loss whether natural or induced\) and are unlikely to maintain their momentum ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0801 Tc 1.9551 Tw (for long. Analyses of the relation between contraceptive prevalence) Tj 314.25 0 TD -0.1084 Tc 1.7959 Tw ( and fertility levels indicates that ) Tj -314.25 -12.75 TD -0.399 Tc 0 Tw (below) Tj 26.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.083 Tc 0.9669 Tw (replacement levels are usually not attained with contraceptive prevalence lower than 50 per cent ) Tj -30 -12 TD -0.1657 Tc 1.1448 Tw (\(barring cases in which abortion levels are high\) and, in fact, contraceptive levels above 70 per cent are ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.218 Tc 3.4055 Tw (more comm) Tj 56.25 0 TD -0.0862 Tc 3.4237 Tw (on among populations with very low fertility \(United Nations, 2000b\). Consequently,) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -56.25 -12.75 TD -0.1022 Tc 4.0398 Tw (assuming that fertility will eventually reach below) Tj 246 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1534 Tc 4.4659 Tw (replacement levels in all intermediate) Tj 181.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0833 Tc 0.2708 Tw (fertility ) Tj -435 -12.75 TD -0.1264 Tc 0.9805 Tw (countries can be considered equivalent to assuming that their populatio) Tj 321 0 TD -0.1379 Tc 1.1826 Tw (ns will reach very high levels of ) Tj -321 -12.75 TD -0.1677 Tc 1.0169 Tw (use of effective contraceptive methods. The likelihood of that change may need to be taken into account ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1646 Tc 2.9771 Tw (in deciding if some intermediate) Tj 153 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1176 Tc 2.7051 Tw (fertility countries will be more likely than others to reach below) Tj 307.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD -0.1529 Tc 0.3404 Tw (replacement fertil) Tj 78 0 TD -0.4856 Tc 0 Tw (ity.) Tj 13.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -91.5 -12.75 TD /F1 11.25 Tf ( ) Tj 36 -12 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1074 Tc 1.218 Tw (Lastly, in discussing assumptions about future fertility levels, the Population Division has long ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.1178 Tc 0.3842 Tw (used a total fertility of 2.1 children per woman as equivalent to replacement level. In fact, the actual level ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0418 Tc 0.9793 Tw (of fertility that would produce perfect p) Tj 180.75 0 TD -0.1193 Tc 0.9818 Tw (opulation replacement over the long run varies according to the ) Tj -180.75 -12.75 TD -0.1608 Tc 1.7546 Tw (level of mortality to which the population is subject. Since the projections prepared by the Population ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1468 Tc 2.7207 Tw (Division have generally incorporated changing levels of mortality over the projection pe) Tj 415.5 0 TD -0.0501 Tc 1.3626 Tw (riod, actual ) Tj -415.5 -12.75 TD -0.089 Tc 0 Tw (replacement) Tj 54 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.077 Tc 1.7645 Tw (level fertility changes over that period. However, because in the pre) Tj 317.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0996 Tc 1.0371 Tw (AIDS era projected ) Tj -378.75 -12.75 TD -0.0928 Tc 0.3592 Tw (levels of mortality for all countries were assumed to decrease consistently in the future, by the end of the ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1407 Tc 2.0157 Tw (projection period they were gener) Tj 155.25 0 TD -0.1664 Tc 1.7175 Tw (ally low enough to ensure that actual replacement level fertility was ) Tj -155.25 -12.75 TD -0.0648 Tc 1.7523 Tw (close to 2.1 children per woman. Since 1990, when the impact of HIV/AIDS began to be explicitly ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0914 Tc 1.9152 Tw (incorporated into the projections of certain countries, mortality decreases have ceased to) Tj 410.25 0 TD -0.0424 Tc 1.3549 Tw ( be the rule, ) Tj -410.25 -12.75 TD -0.1406 Tc 1.6874 Tw (especially as the number of countries significantly affected by the epidemic continues to grow. In the ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1037 Tc 0.2912 Tw (2000 Revision) Tj 63.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1005 Tc 0.288 Tw ( the populations of 45 countries had to be projected taking account of HIV/AIDS and in all ) Tj -63.75 -12.75 TD -0.1452 Tc 1.3828 Tw (of them some increases in mortality) Tj 162.75 0 TD -0.0509 Tc 1.0717 Tw ( were projected, at least over the short and medium) Tj 236.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.062 Tc 0.9995 Tw (term. Some of ) Tj -402.75 -12.75 TD -0.1475 Tc 0.935 Tw (these countries are among the intermediate) Tj 192 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1571 Tc 0.9446 Tw (fertility countries and it is appropriate to note, therefore, that ) Tj -195.75 -12.75 TD -0.104 Tc 1.0415 Tw (for them a total fertility of 2.1 children per woman may already be below actual) Tj 363.75 0 TD -0.0981 Tc 0.6606 Tw ( replacement level \(see ) Tj -363.75 -12 TD -0.1013 Tc 0.3305 Tw (table 4\). This fact may need to be considered in proposing assumptions on future fertility trends for these ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0555 Tc 0 Tw (countries.) Tj 43.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 51 0 obj 9193 endobj 49 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 37 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 50 0 R >> endobj 53 0 obj << /Length 54 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (56) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.1312 Tc 0.3656 Tw (In sum, the task of revising the assumptions made about the future of fertility in the intermediate) Tj 428.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD -0.1245 Tc 0.312 Tw (fertility c) Tj 40.5 0 TD -0.0976 Tc 0.2851 Tw (ountries involves at least five decisions:) Tj 175.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -216 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.1585 Tc 1.1496 Tw (The selection of a target level of fertility that all \(or most\) of the intermediate) Tj 351.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1246 Tc 0.6871 Tw (fertility countries ) Tj -355.5 -12.75 TD -0.1717 Tc 0.3592 Tw (will reach before 2050 in the medium variant.) Tj 201 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -219 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.1023 Tc 0.3648 Tw (The determination, for each country, of the period in which th) Tj 275.25 0 TD -0.1027 Tc 0.384 Tw (e target level will be reached in the ) Tj -275.25 -12.75 TD -0.1379 Tc 0.3254 Tw (medium variant.) Tj 72 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -90 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (3.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.1732 Tc 0.3607 Tw (Determining whether that level will be maintained or not to the end of the projection period.) Tj 405 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -423 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (4.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.1637 Tc 1.8044 Tw (Establishing the target levels for the low and high variants, and modifying the target period if ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0791 Tc 0 Tw (necessary.) Tj 46.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -64.5 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (5.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.1453 Tc 0.3328 Tw (Determining if certain countries need to be treated as exceptions on the basis of explicit criteria.) Tj 422.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -458.25 -12 TD ( ) Tj 36 -12.75 TD -0.0945 Tc 2.607 Tw (Before proceeding to present the proposed revised assumptions for the intermediate) Tj 395.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0833 Tc 0.2708 Tw (fertility ) Tj -435 -12.75 TD -0.1749 Tc 0.3624 Tw (countries, it is useful to review the assumptions adopted to ) Tj 260.25 0 TD -0.1662 Tc 0.5412 Tw (project fertility in the ) Tj 96.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1037 Tc 0.2912 Tw (2000 Revision) Tj 63.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -405.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 44.25 -12.75 TD 0.1475 Tc 0.04 Tw (D. A) Tj 21.75 0 TD /F0 9 Tf 0.0146 Tc -0.2646 Tw (SSUMPTIONS ON THE FU) Tj 105 0 TD 0.0152 Tc -0.0152 Tw (TURE OF FERTILITY UN) Tj 100.5 0 TD -0.0442 Tc 0.0442 Tw (DERLYING THE ) Tj 67.5 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0247 Tc 0.2122 Tw (2000 R) Tj 32.25 0 TD /F1 9 Tf -0.0347 Tc 0 Tw (EVISION) Tj 33.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -405 -12.75 TD /F1 11.25 Tf ( ) Tj 18 -12.75 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.0812 Tc 0.2687 Tw (The ) Tj 20.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1037 Tc 0.2912 Tw (2000 Revision) Tj 63.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1161 Tc 0.3036 Tw ( includes six projection variants. Four differ among themselves with respect to ) Tj -120 -12 TD -0.1552 Tc 0.3427 Tw (the assumptions made regarding the future cour) Tj 210 0 TD -0.1218 Tc 0.3093 Tw (se of fertility. To describe them, countries are divided first ) Tj -210 -12.75 TD -0.0621 Tc 0.2496 Tw (into three groups:) Tj 77.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -77.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (High) Tj 22.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0419 Tc 0.9794 Tw (fertility countries) Tj 78 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1388 Tc 1.2493 Tw (: Countries that until 2000 had no fertility reduction or only an incipient ) Tj -103.5 -12.75 TD -0.0459 Tc 0 Tw (decline;) Tj 34.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -70.5 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0194 Tc 0 Tw (Medium) Tj 36 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0835 Tc 1.021 Tw (fertility countries) Tj 78 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1564 Tc 1.4689 Tw (: Countries where fertility has been ) Tj 166.5 0 TD -0.2329 Tc 1.7954 Tw (declining but whose level is still ) Tj -284.25 -12 TD -0.1463 Tc 0.3338 Tw (above replacement level \(2.1 children per woman in 1995) Tj 253.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1456 Tc (2000\);) Tj 28.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -321.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (3.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf 0.2887 Tc 0 Tw (Low) Tj 19.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0835 Tc 2.521 Tw (fertility countries) Tj 79.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.0636 Tc 2.3761 Tw (: Those with fertility at or below replacement level \(2.1 children per ) Tj -102 -12.75 TD -0.193 Tc 1.8805 Tw (woman in 1995) Tj 71.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1051 Tc 1.7926 Tw (2000\) plus a few with levels very close to replac) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.099 Tc 0 Tw (ement) Tj 27 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1062 Tc 1.2313 Tw (level fertility that are ) Tj -334.5 -12.75 TD -0.1689 Tc 0.4246 Tw (judged ready to drop below replacement level in the near future \(2000) Tj 308.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2181 Tc (2005\).) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -375.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F4 11.25 Tf -0.0844 Tc 0 Tw (Medium) Tj 38.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0734 Tc -0.4891 Tw (fertility assumption) Tj 87.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1275 Tc 0 Tw (:) Tj 2.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -132 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.2343 Tc 0.7968 Tw (Fertility in high) Tj 68.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1119 Tc 0.2994 Tw (fertility countries is generally assumed to decline at an average pace of nearly 1 child ) Tj -72 -12.75 TD -0.0662 Tc 0.2537 Tw (per decade) Tj 48.75 0 TD -0.106 Tc 0.4935 Tw ( starting in 2005 or later. Consequently, some of these countries do not reach replacement ) Tj -48.75 -12.75 TD -0.2444 Tc 0.4319 Tw (level by 2050.) Tj 62.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -80.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.2288 Tc 0.7913 Tw (Fertility in medium) Tj 84.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1392 Tc 0.3267 Tw (fertility countries is assumed to reach replacement level before 2050.) Tj 304.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -411 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (3.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.2419 Tc 1.1794 Tw (Fertility in low) Tj 66.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0931 Tc 0.6556 Tw (fertility countries is generally assumed) Tj 172.5 0 TD -0.0581 Tc 0.3394 Tw ( to remain below the replacement level during ) Tj -243 -12 TD -0.1075 Tc 1.045 Tw (the projection period, reaching by 2045) Tj 178.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.119 Tc 1.1815 Tw (2050 the fertility of the cohort of women born in the early ) Tj -182.25 -12.75 TD -0.1781 Tc 1.1598 Tw (1960s or, if that information is lacking, reaching 1.7 children per woman if current fertility is below ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD 0.0135 Tc 1.674 Tw (1.5 ch) Tj 28.5 0 TD -0.1356 Tc 1.8673 Tw (ildren per woman or 1.9 children per woman if current fertility is equal or higher than 1.5 ) Tj -28.5 -12.75 TD -0.1862 Tc 0.3737 Tw (children per woman.) Tj 90.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -108.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F4 11.25 Tf 0.2475 Tc 0 Tw (High) Tj 24 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1129 Tc -0.4496 Tw (fertility assumption) Tj 87 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1275 Tc 0 Tw (:) Tj 2.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -117 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.1098 Tc 1.9848 Tw (Fertility in high and medium) Tj 133.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1104 Tc 1.8916 Tw (fertility countries remains above the fertility in the medium) Tj 275.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw (fertility ) Tj -416.25 -12 TD -0.1731 Tc 1.1106 Tw (assumption and) Tj 69.75 0 TD -0.0734 Tc 1.0734 Tw ( eventually reaches a value 0.5 children above that reached by the medium) Tj 342.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw (fertility ) Tj -416.25 -12.75 TD -0.2348 Tc 0.7973 Tw (assumption in 2045) Tj 85.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2625 Tc (2050.) Tj 24.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 54 0 obj 9078 endobj 52 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 37 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F4 14 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 53 0 R >> endobj 57 0 obj << /Length 58 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (57) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.2919 Tc 0.4794 Tw (For low) Tj 34.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.13 Tc 0.2639 Tw (fertility countries, total fertility eventually reaches a value 0.4 children per woman above that ) Tj -38.25 -12.75 TD -0.214 Tc 0.4015 Tw (reached by the medium) Tj 102 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.015 Tc 0.2025 Tw (fertility assumpti) Tj 75 0 TD -0.0628 Tc 0.2503 Tw (on in 2045) Tj 47.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2625 Tc (2050.) Tj 24.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -274.5 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 11.25 Tf -0.1675 Tc 0 Tw (Low) Tj 19.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0734 Tc -0.4891 Tw (fertility assumption) Tj 87.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1275 Tc 0 Tw (:) Tj 2.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -113.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.2036 Tc 2.2661 Tw (Fertility in high and medium) Tj 132.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1081 Tc 1.8894 Tw (fertility countries remains below the fertility in the medium) Tj 276 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw (fertility ) Tj -416.25 -12.75 TD -0.0893 Tc 1.0845 Tw (assumption and eventually reaches a value 0.5 children below that reached by the medium) Tj 412.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw (fertility ) Tj -416.25 -12.75 TD -0.103 Tc 1.0405 Tw (assumption i) Tj 55.5 0 TD -0.225 Tc 0.4125 Tw (n 2045) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2625 Tc (2050.) Tj 24.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -132 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.2919 Tc 0.4794 Tw (For low) Tj 34.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1286 Tc 0.2625 Tw (fertility countries, total fertility eventually reaches a value 0.4 children per woman below that ) Tj -38.25 -12.75 TD -0.214 Tc 0.4015 Tw (reached by the medium) Tj 102 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0903 Tc 0.2778 Tw (fertility assumption in 2045) Tj 122.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2625 Tc (2050.) Tj 24.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -274.5 -12 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F4 11.25 Tf -0.0806 Tc 0 Tw (Constant) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1129 Tc 0.3004 Tw (fertility assumption) Tj 87.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1275 Tc 0 Tw (:) Tj 2.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -135 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1226 Tc 0.203 Tw (For each country, fertility remains constant ) Tj 195.75 0 TD -0.1819 Tc 0.3694 Tw (at the level estimated for 1995) Tj 132.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2625 Tc (2000.) Tj 24.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -357 -12.75 TD /F0 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 117.75 -11.25 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.0638 Tc -0.4987 Tw (E. P) Tj 18.75 0 TD /F0 9 Tf 0.0828 Tc -0.4578 Tw (ROPOSED ASSUMPTIONS ) Tj 108 0 TD 0.1665 Tc -0.5415 Tw (FOR THE ) Tj 39.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1748 Tc 0.3622 Tw (2002 R) Tj 31.5 0 TD /F1 9 Tf -0.0347 Tc 0 Tw (EVISION) Tj 33.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -331.5 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12.75 TD -0.1305 Tc 0.8537 Tw (Before setting the proposed assumptions for the ) Tj 218.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0412 Tc 0.9787 Tw (2002 Revision) Tj 63.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1775 Tc 1.0078 Tw ( in a manner paralleling those for ) Tj -318 -12.75 TD -0.0825 Tc 0.27 Tw (the ) Tj 16.5 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1662 Tc 0.3537 Tw (2000 Revision) Tj 63 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1742 Tc 0.3617 Tw (, we address the different decisions that are to be made.) Tj 243.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -305.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj -18 -12.75 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0198 Tc 0.8635 Tw (The target level of fertility for the medium variant) Tj 229.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1572 Tc 1.0947 Tw (: If intermediate) Tj 72.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0902 Tc 0.9027 Tw (fertility countries are to attain some ) Tj -306 -12 TD -0.0958 Tc 1.7417 Tw (level of fertility that is below 2.1 children per woman, the proposed target level is 1.85 children per ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.17 Tc 0.5717 Tw (woman. That value is exactly halfway in b) Tj 187.5 0 TD -0.1071 Tc 0.2946 Tw (etween the target levels for the low and the medium variants of ) Tj -187.5 -12.75 TD -0.1556 Tc 0.3431 Tw (previous ) Tj 41.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0184 Tc 0 Tw (Revisions,) Tj 45.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.25 Tc 0.9375 Tw ( including the ) Tj 64.5 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1662 Tc 1.1037 Tw (2000 Revision) Tj 63.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1982 Tc 1.078 Tw (. In addition, it is very close to the average level of total ) Tj -215.25 -12.75 TD -0.1426 Tc 2.7676 Tw (fertility projected for the low) Tj 138 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1144 Tc 2.5519 Tw (fertility countries in 2045) Tj 119.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0894 Tc 1.9644 Tw (2050 according to the ) Tj 108.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf 0.375 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 6 0 TD -0.0109 Tc 2.4484 Tw (000 Revision) Tj 60.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.3367 Tc 2.7743 Tw ( \(1.88) Tj 0 Tc -1.3125 Tw ( ) Tj -441 -12.75 TD -0.149 Tc 1.0424 Tw (children per woman\) and not too far above the average level of fertility experienced over recent periods ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1995 Tc 1.137 Tw (by countries with below) Tj 108 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1185 Tc 0.9727 Tw (replacement fertility \(see table 1\). If, as in previous ) Tj 236.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0412 Tc 0 Tw (Revisions) Tj 43.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1589 Tc 0.9089 Tw (, target levels for ) Tj -391.5 -12.75 TD -0.2354 Tc 1.9229 Tw (the high and the low va) Tj 110.25 0 TD -0.129 Tc 1.5665 Tw (riants are set so as to encompass a range of about 0.8 of a child or one child ) Tj -110.25 -12 TD -0.1838 Tc 1.0463 Tw (around the target level of the medium variant, the target level for the high variant would be 2.25 to 2.35 ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0875 Tc 0.3432 Tw (children per woman, a value well above replacement level, and that for) Tj 318 0 TD -0.0884 Tc 0.5572 Tw ( the low variant would be 1.35 to ) Tj -318 -12.75 TD -0.1147 Tc 1.0522 Tw (1.45 children per woman, closer to the average level of total fertility that low) Tj 351.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0997 Tc 0.7872 Tw (fertility countries display ) Tj -355.5 -12.75 TD -0.104 Tc 0.331 Tw (today \(1.5 children per woman\). That is, the range of 1.35 to 2.35 children per woman \(or the alternative, ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD 0.087 Tc 1.6005 Tw (1.45 t) Tj 26.25 0 TD -0.0773 Tc 1.7648 Tw (o 2.25 children per woman\), would seem sufficiently wide to cover the cases in which below) Tj 438 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD -0.1535 Tc 0.9504 Tw (replacement fertility fails to materialize and fertility remains above replacement level as well as those in ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1835 Tc 0.371 Tw (which fertility drops even further in the below) Tj 202.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0.0961 Tc (replacem) Tj 41.25 0 TD -0.1996 Tc 0.3871 Tw (ent range.) Tj 43.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -291 -12 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0624 Tc 0.8124 Tw (Determination of the target period) Tj 157.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.11 Tc 1.1629 Tw (: The target period for each country will be determined in a manner ) Tj -157.5 -12.75 TD -0.0894 Tc 1.0269 Tw (consistent with target periods already used in the medium variant of the ) Tj 331.5 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf 0.034 Tc 0.9035 Tw (2000 Revision.) Tj 68.25 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1587 Tc 0.9087 Tw ( That is, unless ) Tj -399.75 -12.75 TD -0.1358 Tc 1.8233 Tw (revised estimates of past fertility tr) Tj 160.5 0 TD -0.114 Tc 1.597 Tw (ends change considerably, the general guideline will be to select a ) Tj -160.5 -12.75 TD -0.1454 Tc 1.0829 Tw (target period for the attainment of below) Tj 183.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.113 Tc 0.9755 Tw (replacement fertility that is later than the current target period ) Tj -187.5 -12.75 TD -0.1684 Tc 0.3559 Tw (for the attainment of replacement level.) Tj 173.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -173.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0384 Tc 0.0384 Tw (Maintaining the level of below) Tj 135.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.1656 Tc (replac) Tj 28.5 0 TD -0.1031 Tc 0.0094 Tw (ement fertility until the end of the projection period) Tj 226.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.21 Tc 0.2475 Tw (: The new target ) Tj -393.75 -12 TD -0.1532 Tc 0.9501 Tw (level will be treated in the same way as replacement level has been treated in previous ) Tj 393 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf 0.0319 Tc 0 Tw (Revision) Tj 38.25 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1544 Tc 0.3419 Tw (s. Once ) Tj -431.25 -12.75 TD -0.1713 Tc 0.3588 Tw (the target level is reached, it will be maintained to the end of the projection) Tj 329.25 0 TD -0.1152 Tc 0.3027 Tw ( period.) Tj 34.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -363.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0 Tc -0.0266 Tw (Target levels for the high and low variants) Tj 192 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1065 Tc 0.419 Tw (: It is proposed that for the intermediate fertility countries the ) Tj -192 -12.75 TD -0.1564 Tc 0.3439 Tw (target levels for the high and low variants remain half a child above and below that of the medium fertility ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0664 Tc 0.5039 Tw (variant. Given the greater) Tj 114.75 0 TD -0.1213 Tc 0.4338 Tw ( uncertainty surrounding the attainment of below) Tj 217.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.076 Tc 0.2635 Tw (replacement fertility by many ) Tj ET endstream endobj 58 0 obj 10055 endobj 55 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 56 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F4 14 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 57 0 R >> endobj 60 0 obj << /Length 61 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (58) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1866 Tc (intermediate) Tj 54.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1299 Tc 1.7237 Tw (fertility countries, a narrowing of the range for the high and low variants does not seem ) Tj -58.5 -12.75 TD -0.1342 Tc 0.3217 Tw (advisable at this time.) Tj 96 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -96 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0407 Tc 0.2282 Tw (Determining exceptions) Tj 106.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1875 Tc 0.875 Tw (: Just as in other ) Tj 81 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1243 Tc 0 Tw (Revisio) Tj 32.25 0 TD 0.2494 Tc (ns) Tj 10.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1849 Tc 0.986 Tw (, the target level may need to be modified for certain ) Tj -230.25 -12 TD -0.1866 Tc 0 Tw (intermediate) Tj 54.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1163 Tc 0.5382 Tw (fertility countries in light of past trends or other relevant information. It is suggest that such ) Tj -58.5 -12.75 TD -0.151 Tc 1.7761 Tw (determination be based on consideration of at least the following: past fertility trend) Tj 386.25 0 TD -0.1232 Tc 1.2482 Tw (s and evidence of ) Tj -386.25 -12.75 TD -0.1019 Tc 1.1331 Tw (stagnation of fertility levels; very low levels of contraceptive prevalence that may cast doubt about the ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1275 Tc 4.0073 Tw (sustainability of rapid fertility declines; the impact of HIV/AIDS and its implications for actual) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.149 Tc 0.3365 Tw (replacement level; and the charac) Tj 147.75 0 TD -0.1463 Tc 0.3338 Tw (teristics of population policies and programmes.) Tj 211.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -359.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.1406 Tc 0.9531 Tw (In a manner parallel to the ) Tj 123.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1037 Tc 1.0412 Tw (2000 Revision) Tj 64.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.131 Tc 0.9435 Tw (, the proposed assumptions for the ) Tj 159 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1439 Tc 1.0814 Tw (2002 Revisions) Tj 68.25 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.3287 Tc 0.5162 Tw ( are ) Tj -451.5 -12.75 TD -0.1545 Tc 0.342 Tw (presented in terms of three groups of countries:) Tj 207.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -207.75 -12 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (High) Tj 22.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0419 Tc 0.9794 Tw (fertility countries) Tj 78 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1596 Tc 1.3114 Tw (: Countries that until 2000 had no f) Tj 160.5 0 TD -0.0989 Tc 1.1614 Tw (ertility reduction or only an incipient ) Tj -264 -12.75 TD -0.1684 Tc 0.4631 Tw (decline \(generally, those with total fertility in 1995) Tj 223.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1472 Tc 0.3347 Tw (2000 at or above 5 children per woman\);) Tj 180 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -443.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1031 Tc 0 Tw (Intermediate) Tj 57 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0835 Tc 1.021 Tw (fertility countries) Tj 78 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1903 Tc 1.8096 Tw (: Countries where fertility has been declining but whose level is ) Tj -138 -12.75 TD -0.0926 Tc 0.2801 Tw (still above replacemen) Tj 99 0 TD -0.1852 Tc 0.3727 Tw (t level \(higher than 2.1 children per woman in 1995) Tj 225.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1456 Tc (2000\);) Tj 28.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -393.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (3.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf 0.2887 Tc 0 Tw (Low) Tj 19.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0835 Tc 2.521 Tw (fertility countries) Tj 79.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.0636 Tc 2.3761 Tw (: Those with fertility at or below replacement level \(2.1 children per ) Tj -102 -12.75 TD -0.2611 Tc 0.4486 Tw (woman in 1995) Tj 67.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0931 Tc (2000\).) Tj 28.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -136.5 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F4 11.25 Tf -0.0844 Tc 0 Tw (Medium) Tj 38.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0734 Tc -0.4891 Tw (fertility assumption) Tj 87.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1275 Tc 0 Tw (:) Tj 2.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -132 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.2843 Tc 1.9718 Tw (Fertility in high) Tj 69.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0757 Tc 1.2007 Tw (fertility countries is assumed t) Tj 137.25 0 TD -0.1555 Tc 0.9566 Tw (o decline at an average pace of at most one child ) Tj -210.75 -12.75 TD -0.0852 Tc 1.0804 Tw (per decade. The pace of decline will be set taking into account the socio) Tj 331.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0748 Tc 0.5123 Tw (economic and related ) Tj -335.25 -12 TD -0.1363 Tc 0.3238 Tw (conditions of each country. Owing to their continued high fertility, the countries in this group will ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0455 Tc 0.233 Tw (not neces) Tj 42 0 TD -0.1759 Tc 0.3634 Tw (sarily have a total fertility below replacement level by the end of the projection period.) Tj 380.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -458.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.163 Tc 1.8505 Tw (Fertility in intermediate) Tj 107.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0604 Tc 0.9297 Tw (fertility countries is assumed to reach 1.85 children per women before ) Tj -111 -12.75 TD -0.1369 Tc 0.4078 Tw (2050. Once that level is reached, total fertility remains unchanged) Tj 290.25 0 TD -0.1337 Tc 0.4046 Tw ( at that level until the end of the ) Tj -290.25 -12.75 TD -0.1721 Tc 0.3596 Tw (projection period.) Tj 78 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -114 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (3.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.2954 Tc 2.7329 Tw (Fertility in low) Tj 69 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1131 Tc 1.7324 Tw (fertility countries is generally assumed to remain below the replacement level ) Tj -72.75 -12 TD -0.1132 Tc 0.5507 Tw (during the projection period, reaching by 2045) Tj 207.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0619 Tc 0.3994 Tw (2050 the fertility of the cohort of women born in ) Tj -212.25 -12.75 TD 0.0444 Tc 1.6431 Tw (the ear) Tj 32.25 0 TD -0.1507 Tc 1.9882 Tw (ly 1960s or, if that information is lacking, reaching 1.7 children per woman if current ) Tj -32.25 -12.75 TD -0.1196 Tc 0.4738 Tw (fertility is below 1.5 children per woman or 1.9 children per woman if current fertility is equal or ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1781 Tc 0.3656 Tw (higher than 1.5 children per woman.) Tj 159.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -195.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F4 11.25 Tf 0.2475 Tc 0 Tw (High) Tj 24 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1129 Tc -0.4496 Tw (fertility assumption) Tj 87 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1275 Tc 0 Tw (:) Tj 2.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -117 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (Fe) Tj 11.25 0 TD -0.2231 Tc 2.2856 Tw (rtility in high and intermediate) Tj 140.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.167 Tc 1.9482 Tw (fertility countries remains above the fertility in the medium) Tj 272.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -427.5 -12.75 TD -0.1539 Tc 3.3414 Tw (fertility assumption and eventually reaches a value 0.5 children above that reached by the) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.2713 Tc 0 Tw (medium) Tj 35.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0903 Tc 0.2778 Tw (fertility assumption in 2045) Tj 122.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2625 Tc (2050.) Tj 24.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -225.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.2919 Tc 0.4794 Tw (For low) Tj 34.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0829 Tc 0.2704 Tw (fertility countries) Tj 76.5 0 TD -0.1218 Tc 0.3093 Tw (, total fertility eventually reaches a value 0.4 children per woman above ) Tj -114.75 -12.75 TD -0.1921 Tc 0.3796 Tw (that reached by the medium) Tj 121.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1803 Tc 0.6178 Tw (fertility assumption in 2045) Tj 121.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.2625 Tc (2050.) Tj 24.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -312 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F4 11.25 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 61 0 obj 8746 endobj 59 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 56 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F4 14 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 60 0 R >> endobj 63 0 obj << /Length 64 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (59) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD /F4 11.25 Tf -0.1675 Tc (Low) Tj 19.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0734 Tc -0.4891 Tw (fertility assumption) Tj 87.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1275 Tc 0 Tw (:) Tj 2.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -113.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.2082 Tc 2.2708 Tw (Fertility in high and intermediate) Tj 151.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.183 Tc 1.9777 Tw (fertility countries remains below the fertility in the) Tj 232.5 0 TD -0.2713 Tc 1.9588 Tw ( medium) Tj 39.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -427.5 -12.75 TD -0.1523 Tc 3.2821 Tw (fertility assumption and eventually reaches a value 0.5 children below that reached by the) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.2713 Tc 0 Tw (medium) Tj 35.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0903 Tc 0.2778 Tw (fertility assumption in 2045) Tj 122.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2625 Tc (2050.) Tj 24.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -225.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.2919 Tc 0.4794 Tw (For low) Tj 34.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1116 Tc 0.2414 Tw (fertility countries, total fertility eventually reaches a value 0.4 children per woman below ) Tj -38.25 -12.75 TD -0.0774 Tc -0.1101 Tw (that reached ) Tj 57 0 TD -0.3068 Tc 0.4943 Tw (by the medium) Tj 64.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1803 Tc 0.6178 Tw (fertility assumption in 2045) Tj 121.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.2625 Tc (2050.) Tj 24.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -312 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F4 11.25 Tf -0.0806 Tc 0 Tw (Constant) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1129 Tc 0.3004 Tw (fertility assumption) Tj 87.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1275 Tc 0 Tw (:) Tj 2.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -135 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1463 Tc 0.2656 Tw (For each country, fertility remains constant at the level estimated for 1995) Tj 325.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2625 Tc (2000.) Tj 24.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -120 -12 TD ( ) Tj -48.75 -12.75 TD -0.0638 Tc 0.2513 Tw (F. T) Tj 18.75 0 TD /F0 9 Tf 0.0184 Tc -0.0184 Tw (HE IMPLICATIONS) Tj 78 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -48 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj -198 -12.75 TD -0.1417 Tc 4.0792 Tw (The implications of the proposed guidelines for future fertility in ) Tj 3.6225 Tc 0 Tw (t) Tj 328.5 0 TD -0.06 Tc 0.2475 Tw (he ) Tj 17.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1037 Tc 4.0413 Tw (2002 Revision) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj 73.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.3287 Tc -0.2338 Tw (are ) Tj -455.25 -12.75 TD -0.1054 Tc 2.6501 Tw (momentous. The expectation that the intermediate) Tj 245.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1003 Tc 2.2878 Tw (fertility countries will have below replacement ) Tj -249 -12.75 TD -0.1378 Tc 1.6645 Tw (fertility contrasts markedly with the current assumption that their fertility will stabilize at replacement ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0595 Tc 2.497 Tw (level. The implementation o) Tj 135 0 TD -0.1554 Tc 2.3202 Tw (f the proposed fertility assumptions, in the medium variant, means that ) Tj -135 -12 TD -0.1133 Tc 0.408 Tw (before 2050, approximately 80 per cent of world population will be projected to have below) Tj 410.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.089 Tc 0.2765 Tw (replacement ) Tj -414 -12.75 TD -0.2063 Tc 0 Tw (fertility.) Tj 35.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0635 Tc 1.751 Tw (Even with the proposed fertility assumptions, world population will s) Tj 321.75 0 TD -0.174 Tc 2.049 Tw (till be growing by mid) Tj 105.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -463.5 -12.75 TD -0.1073 Tc 0.4615 Tw (century. However, the rates of population growth will be much lower than currently projected. In such a ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1096 Tc 0.3387 Tw (case, the somewhat hyperbolic claim that the \223end of population growth\224 is near will be slightly closer to ) Tj T* -0.169 Tc 0.3565 Tw (the truth than it has) Tj 84.75 0 TD -0.1352 Tc 0.3227 Tw ( been heretofore.) Tj 75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -123.75 -12 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1721 Tc 1.806 Tw (The state of current knowledge does not provide elements to affirm with certainty that below) Tj 428.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD -0.1392 Tc 1.019 Tw (replacement fertility levels are inevitable. However, that knowledge, buttressed by the actual experience ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.2003 Tc 1.1378 Tw (of a growing number of countries, sugg) Tj 177 0 TD -0.1892 Tc 1.1267 Tw (ests that lengthy periods of below) Tj 151.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1239 Tc 0.8739 Tw (replacement fertility are likely ) Tj -332.25 -12.75 TD -0.1575 Tc 2.7314 Tw (to be common in the future. In addition, the attainment of below) Tj 309.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1 Tc 1.975 Tw (replacement fertility seems likely ) Tj -313.5 -12.75 TD -0.0648 Tc 0.3405 Tw (because there has been so much success in reducing fertility from levels of 5, 6 or 7 ch) Tj 390 0 TD -0.1237 Tc 0.3112 Tw (ildren per woman ) Tj -390 -12.75 TD -0.1798 Tc 1.8673 Tw (to 2, 3 or 4 children per woman. Today, the intermediate) Tj 264 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.146 Tc 1.5835 Tw (fertility countries still have moderately high ) Tj -267.75 -12.75 TD -0.1752 Tc 1.1522 Tw (fertility levels and it is the speed at which those levels have been falling that suggests that reductions of ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1248 Tc 0.5623 Tw (fertility will not necess) Tj 101.25 0 TD -0.1617 Tc 0.3492 Tw (arily stop at exactly the replacement level.) Tj 186 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -251.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD ( ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.1768 Tc 0.5007 Tw (In sum, the proposed guidelines for the projection of fertility in intermediate) Tj 336 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.118 Tc 0.0555 Tw (fertility countries are ) Tj -375.75 -12.75 TD -0.0891 Tc 0.4497 Tw (based on the scientifically sound recognition that replacement level fertility is not necessarily hard) Tj 438.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0.75 Tc (wi) Tj 11.25 0 TD -0.0387 Tc -0.5238 Tw (red ) Tj -453.75 -12.75 TD -0.1178 Tc 1.0553 Tw (in the evolution of populations. In the past, analysts of the United Nations Population Division showed ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1235 Tc 1.1051 Tw (foresight in projecting population. In the late 1940s, for example, they anticipated future rapid rates of ) Tj T* -0.0466 Tc 0.2341 Tw (population growth. In the 1960s and ear) Tj 182.25 0 TD -0.0985 Tc 0.436 Tw (ly 1970s, they projected major reductions of fertility when there ) Tj -182.25 -12 TD -0.1074 Tc 0.998 Tw (was still scant evidence suggesting that such reductions were to occur. Today, the Population Division ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.109 Tc 1.8647 Tw (foresees the continuation of unprecedented changes in the dynamics of population growt) Tj 409.5 0 TD -0.093 Tc 1.5305 Tw (h. Given the ) Tj -409.5 -12.75 TD -0.1745 Tc 2.862 Tw (experience of today\222s low) Tj 121.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0937 Tc 2.7812 Tw (fertility countries and the insights gained in understanding the processes) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj -125.25 -12.75 TD -0.1565 Tc 3.444 Tw (leading to the virtually universal transition from high to low fertility, it seems likely that below) Tj 464.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD -0.1531 Tc 0.4656 Tw (replacement fertility will be common in t) Tj 182.25 0 TD -0.1262 Tc 0.4637 Tw (he future. The fertility level proposed, 1.85 children per woman, ) Tj -182.25 -12.75 TD -0.1317 Tc 4.0692 Tw (represents only a modest, but significant deviation from the replacement level. If attained and) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0987 Tc 0.517 Tw (maintained, below replacement fertility will lead first to the slowing of population growth r) Tj 408.75 0 TD 0.0126 Tc 0.1749 Tw (ates and then ) Tj -408.75 -12.75 TD -0.1784 Tc 0.3659 Tw (to slow reductions in the size of world population.) Tj 220.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -184.5 -12 TD ( ) Tj 198 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 64 0 obj 8594 endobj 62 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 56 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F4 14 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 63 0 R >> endobj 66 0 obj << /Length 67 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (60) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 306 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -234 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 112.5 -11.25 TD /F0 9 Tf -0.249 Tc 0 Tw (T) Tj 6 0 TD /F0 6.75 Tf 0.0939 Tc -0.2814 Tw (ABLE ) Tj 20.25 0 TD /F0 9 Tf 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw (1. I) Tj 12 0 TD /F0 6.75 Tf 0.1326 Tc -0.0701 Tw (NDICATORS OF THE DIS) Tj 78.75 0 TD 0.146 Tc 0.0415 Tw (TRIBUTION OF SELECTE) Tj 80.25 0 TD 0.2079 Tc -0.3954 Tw (D GROUPS OF ) Tj 47.25 0 TD /F0 9 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -231 -10.5 TD /F0 6.75 Tf -0.1233 Tc (LOW) Tj 16.5 0 TD /F0 9 Tf 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 2.25 0 TD /F0 6.75 Tf 0.1669 Tc -0.3544 Tw (FERTILITY COUNTRIES) Tj 77.25 3.75 TD /F0 6 Tf 0.336 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 2.25 -3.75 TD /F0 6.75 Tf 0.1882 Tc -0 Tw ( ACCORDING TO TOTAL ) Tj 81 0 TD 0.2921 Tc 0 Tw (FERTILITY) Tj 36 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -232.5 -10.5 TD /F0 9 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 81 0 TD ( ) Tj 48 0 TD ( ) Tj 68.25 0 TD ( ) Tj -157.5 -38.25 TD /F1 8.25 Tf 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 42.75 9 TD -0.0872 Tc -0.1003 Tw (Total fertility ) Tj 0 -9 TD -0.0698 Tc -0.4927 Tw (in 1995) Tj 24.75 0 TD 0.2527 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 2.25 0 TD -0.1875 Tc (2000) Tj ET q 260.25 18 48 756 re W n BT 306.75 627.75 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 312 654.75 TD -0.1036 Tc 0.2911 Tw (Average for period ) Tj 15.75 -9 TD 0.1246 Tc -0.6871 Tw (of below) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.2527 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -45 -9.75 TD -0.1381 Tc (replac) Tj ET q 308.25 18 68.25 756 re W n BT 331.5 636 TD -0.1427 Tc -0.0448 Tw (ement fertility ) Tj ET Q BT 321 627 TD -0.08 Tc -0.1075 Tw (prior to 2000) Tj 43.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 23.25 18.75 TD -0.1003 Tc -0.0872 Tw (Projected for ) Tj 3.75 -9 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (2045) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0.2527 Tc (-) Tj 2.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw (2050 ) Tj -29.25 -9.75 TD -0.1465 Tc 0.334 Tw (\(medium variant\)) Tj 56.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET 179.25 662.25 81 0.75 re f 260.25 662.25 0.75 0.75 re f 261 662.25 47.25 0.75 re f 308.25 662.25 0.75 0.75 re f 309 662.25 67.5 0.75 re f 376.5 662.25 0.75 0.75 re f 377.25 662.25 63 0.75 re f BT 180.75 614.25 TD /F2 9 Tf 0.208 Tc -0.208 Tw (All low) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.003 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0408 Tc 0.0408 Tw (fertility countries) Tj 66.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 63.75 0 TD /F0 9 Tf ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 179.25 624 81 0.75 re f 260.25 624 0.75 0.75 re f 261 624 47.25 0.75 re f 308.25 624 0.75 0.75 re f 309 624 67.5 0.75 re f 376.5 624 0.75 0.75 re f 377.25 624 63 0.75 re f BT 198 601.5 TD 0.213 Tc (Minimum) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (1.12) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 32.25 0 TD (1.38) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 52.5 0 TD (1.61) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj -213.75 -12.75 TD 0.0588 Tc -0.8088 Tw (Lower quartile) Tj 54 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 27.75 0 TD (1.34) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 32.25 0 TD (1.65) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 52.5 0 TD (1.82) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj -213.75 -12.75 TD 0.0425 Tc (Median) Tj 28.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 53.25 0 TD (1.55) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 32.25 0 TD (1.74) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 52.5 0 TD (1.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj -213.75 -12.75 TD 0.078 Tc -0.828 Tw (Upper quartile) Tj 53.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 28.5 0 TD (1.77) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 32.25 0 TD (1.86) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 52.5 0 TD (1.97) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj -213.75 -12.75 TD 0.1067 Tc (Maximum) Tj 37.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 44.25 0 TD (2.06) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 32.25 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 52.5 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj -172.5 -17.25 TD -0.0608 Tc (Mean) Tj 40.5 0 TD 0 Tc (1.57) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 32.25 0 TD (1.76) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 52.5 0 TD (1.88) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj -231 -21.75 TD /F2 9 Tf 0.0484 Tc -0.0484 Tw (Countries with TF> 3 in 1950) Tj 114 0 TD 0.003 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 84.75 0 TD /F0 9 Tf ( ) Tj -202.5 -12.75 TD 0.213 Tc (Minimum) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (1.15) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 32.25 0 TD (1.38) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 51 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -202.5 -12.75 TD 0.0588 Tc -0.8088 Tw (Lower quartile) Tj 54 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 27.75 0 TD (1.52) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 32.25 0 TD (1.69) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 51 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -202.5 -12.75 TD 0.0425 Tc (Median) Tj 28.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 53.25 0 TD (1.76) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 32.25 0 TD (1.83) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 51 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -202.5 -12.75 TD 0.078 Tc -0.828 Tw (Upper quartile) Tj 53.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 28.5 0 TD (1.96) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 32.25 0 TD (1.96) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 51 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -202.5 -12.75 TD 0.1067 Tc (Maximum) Tj 37.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 44.25 0 TD (2.06) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 32.25 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 51 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -161.25 -20.25 TD -0.0608 Tc (Mean) Tj 40.5 0 TD 0 Tc (1.71) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 32.25 0 TD (1.81) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 54.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 179.25 424.5 81 0.75 re f 260.25 424.5 0.75 0.75 re f 261 424.5 47.25 0.75 re f 308.25 424.5 0.75 0.75 re f 309 424.5 67.5 0.75 re f 376.5 424.5 0.75 0.75 re f 377.25 424.5 63 0.75 re f BT 189 415.5 TD /F0 5.25 Tf -0.081 Tc (a) Tj 2.25 -3.75 TD /F0 8.25 Tf -0.0876 Tc 0.0876 Tw (Refers to countries with below) Tj 98.25 0 TD 0.2527 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.1245 Tc 0.062 Tw (replacement fertility in 1995) Tj 91.5 0 TD 0.2527 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 2.25 0 TD 0.0375 Tc (2000.) Tj 18.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -333 -11.25 TD /F0 11.25 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 67 0 obj 5908 endobj 65 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 56 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F2 10 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 66 0 R >> endobj 69 0 obj << /Length 70 0 R >> stream BT 72 38.25 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 130.5 494.25 TD /F0 9 Tf -0.249 Tc 0 Tw (T) Tj 6 0 TD /F0 6.75 Tf -0.1879 Tc (AB) Tj 9.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1882 Tw (LE ) Tj 10.5 0 TD /F0 9 Tf -0.083 Tc 0.083 Tw (2. L) Tj 16.5 0 TD /F0 6.75 Tf 0.1328 Tc -0.0703 Tw (IST OF INTERMEDIATE ) Tj 76.5 0 TD 0.1252 Tc 0.0623 Tw (FERTILITY COUNTRIES ) Tj 78.75 0 TD 0.1769 Tc -0.3644 Tw (ACCORDING TO TOTAL F) Tj 83.25 0 TD 0.026 Tc 0.2865 Tw (ERTILITY LEVEL IN ) Tj 66 0 TD /F0 9 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000 ) Tj 20.25 0 TD ( ) Tj -289.5 -10.5 TD /F0 6.75 Tf 0.1549 Tc 0.1576 Tw (AND INDICATORS OF TH) Tj 81.75 0 TD 0.1765 Tc 0.136 Tw (E SPEED OF FERTILITY) Tj 75 0 TD 0.1615 Tc 0.401 Tw ( DECLINE) Tj 32.25 0 TD /F0 9 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 76.5 516 13.5 3 re W n BT 77.25 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 90.75 516 115.5 3 re W n BT 91.5 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 207 516 31.5 3 re W n BT 207.75 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 239.25 516 30.75 3 re W n BT 240 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 270.75 516 30.75 3 re W n BT 271.5 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 302.25 516 39.75 3 re W n BT 303 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 342.75 516 38.25 3 re W n BT 343.5 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 381.75 516 49.5 3 re W n BT 382.5 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 432 516 48.75 3 re W n BT 432.75 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 481.5 516 39.75 3 re W n BT 482.25 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 522 516 48.75 3 re W n BT 522.75 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 571.5 516 48.75 3 re W n BT 572.25 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 621 516 1.5 3 re W n BT 621.75 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 623.25 516 46.5 3 re W n BT 624 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 670.5 516 53.25 3 re W n BT 671.25 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 392.25 498.75 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.0336 Tc 0.2211 Tw (Total fertility) Tj 43.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 498.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 655.5 507.75 TD -0.1421 Tc 0 Tw (Population) Tj 36 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -38.25 -9.75 TD -0.1461 Tc -0.4164 Tw (\(in millions\)) Tj 39.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET 75.75 515.25 14.25 0.75 re f 90 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 90.75 515.25 115.5 0.75 re f 206.25 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 207 515.25 31.5 0.75 re f 238.5 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 239.25 515.25 30.75 0.75 re f 270 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 270.75 515.25 30.75 0.75 re f 301.5 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 302.25 515.25 39.75 0.75 re f 342 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 342.75 515.25 38.25 0.75 re f 381 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 381.75 515.25 49.5 0.75 re f 431.25 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 432 515.25 48.75 0.75 re f 480.75 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 481.5 515.25 39.75 0.75 re f 521.25 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 522 515.25 48.75 0.75 re f 570.75 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 571.5 515.25 48.75 0.75 re f 620.25 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 621 515.25 1.5 0.75 re f 622.5 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 623.25 515.25 46.5 0.75 re f 669.75 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 670.5 515.25 53.25 0.75 re f BT 82.5 477 TD /F4 8.25 Tf ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 6.75 -31.5 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.0436 Tc -0.2689 Tw (Major area or country) Tj 72.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 49.5 8.25 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (1950) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0.2527 Tc (-) Tj -15.75 -9 TD -0.1875 Tc (1955) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 14.25 9 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (1975) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0.2527 Tc (-) Tj -15 -9 TD -0.1875 Tc (1980) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 13.5 9 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (1995) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0.2527 Tc (-) Tj -15 -9 TD -0.1875 Tc (2000) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 11.25 -0.75 TD -0.2131 Tc 0 Tw (Maximum) Tj 33 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 7.5 0 TD -0.2318 Tc 0 Tw (Minimum) Tj 31.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 13.5 27.75 TD -0.0469 Tc 0.2344 Tw (Period in ) Tj 5.25 -9 TD -0.0418 Tc 0.2293 Tw (which ) Tj -9.75 -9.75 TD -0.0921 Tc -0.0954 Tw (maximum is ) Tj 6.75 -9 TD -0.1533 Tc 0 Tw (reached) Tj 26.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 21 27.75 TD -0.0469 Tc 0.2344 Tw (Period in ) Tj 6 -9 TD -0.0418 Tc 0.2293 Tw (which ) Tj -9 -9.75 TD -0.1066 Tc -0.0809 Tw (minimum is ) Tj 5.25 -9 TD -0.1533 Tc 0 Tw (reached) Tj 26.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 480.75 18 40.5 576 re W n BT 482.25 480.75 TD 0.0095 Tc -0.572 Tw (Decline per ) Tj ET Q BT 489.75 471.75 TD -0.019 Tc 0.2065 Tw (decade ) Tj 3.75 -9.75 TD 0.0414 Tc 0.8961 Tw (from ) Tj -7.5 -9 TD -0.0823 Tc 0.2698 Tw (maximum ) Tj -3.75 -9 TD -0.125 Tc -0.4375 Tw (to minimum) Tj 42.75 18.75 TD -0.0674 Tc 0.6299 Tw (Decline from ) Tj 0 -9 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (1975) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0.2527 Tc (-) Tj 2.25 0 TD -0.0698 Tc 0.2573 Tw (1980 to ) Tj -15 -9.75 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (1995) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0.2527 Tc (-) Tj 2.25 0 TD -0.1875 Tc (2000) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 11.25 27.75 TD 0.0138 Tc -0.2013 Tw (Indication of ) Tj 0.75 -9 TD -0.1177 Tc -0.0698 Tw (slowdown of ) Tj 8.25 -9.75 TD 0.0843 Tc -0.2718 Tw (pace of ) Tj 0 -9 TD 0.0249 Tc 0 Tw (decline) Tj 24 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 444 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 652.5 444 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (2000) Tj ET q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 669 444 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 707.25 444 TD (2050) Tj ET 206.25 495 32.25 0.75 re f 238.5 495 0.75 0.75 re f 239.25 495 30.75 0.75 re f 270 495 0.75 0.75 re f 270.75 495 30.75 0.75 re f 301.5 495 0.75 0.75 re f 302.25 495 39.75 0.75 re f 342 495 0.75 0.75 re f 342.75 495 38.25 0.75 re f 381 495 0.75 0.75 re f 381.75 495 49.5 0.75 re f 431.25 495 0.75 0.75 re f 432 495 48.75 0.75 re f 480.75 495 0.75 0.75 re f 481.5 495 39.75 0.75 re f 521.25 495 0.75 0.75 re f 522 495 48.75 0.75 re f 570.75 495 0.75 0.75 re f 571.5 495 48.75 0.75 re f 622.5 495 47.25 0.75 re f 669.75 495 0.75 0.75 re f 670.5 495 53.25 0.75 re f BT 77.25 433.5 TD /F0 9 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 68.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 72 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 29.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 29.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 47.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 47.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 433.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 645 433.5 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 48.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 75.75 441 14.25 0.75 re f 90 441 0.75 0.75 re f 90.75 441 115.5 0.75 re f 206.25 441 0.75 0.75 re f 207 441 31.5 0.75 re f 238.5 441 0.75 0.75 re f 239.25 441 30.75 0.75 re f 270 441 0.75 0.75 re f 270.75 441 30.75 0.75 re f 301.5 441 0.75 0.75 re f 302.25 441 39.75 0.75 re f 342 441 0.75 0.75 re f 342.75 441 38.25 0.75 re f 381 441 0.75 0.75 re f 381.75 441 49.5 0.75 re f 431.25 441 0.75 0.75 re f 432 441 48.75 0.75 re f 480.75 441 0.75 0.75 re f 481.5 441 39.75 0.75 re f 521.25 441 0.75 0.75 re f 522 441 48.75 0.75 re f 570.75 441 0.75 0.75 re f 571.5 441 48.75 0.75 re f 620.25 441 0.75 0.75 re f 621 441 1.5 0.75 re f 622.5 441 0.75 0.75 re f 623.25 441 46.5 0.75 re f 669.75 441 0.75 0.75 re f 670.5 441 53.25 0.75 re f BT 87.75 420.75 TD ( ) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0.051 Tc (World) Tj 24 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 99.75 0 TD (5.01) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.82) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (5.01) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.82) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 66 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 420.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 420.75 TD ( 6 056.7 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 420.75 TD ( 9 322.3 ) Tj ET Q BT 87.75 409.5 TD ( ) Tj 60 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 72 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 29.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 29.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 47.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 44.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 45 0 TD ( ) Tj 71.25 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 409.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 666.75 409.5 TD ( ) Tj ET q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 669 409.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 721.5 409.5 TD ( ) Tj -633.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0.169 Tc (Africa) Tj 24 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 99.75 0 TD (6.71) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (6.56) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.27) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.84) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (5.27) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.6) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 66 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 396.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 396.75 TD ( 793.6 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 396.75 TD ( 2 000.4 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 384 TD (1) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0.0356 Tc (R\351union) Tj 31.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 75 0 TD (5.65) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.28) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.) Tj 6.75 0 TD (30) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (5.85) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1955) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1960) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 384 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 384 TD ( 0.7 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 384 TD ( 1.0 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 371.25 TD (2) Tj 23.25 0 TD (Tunisia) Tj 27.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 78.75 0 TD (6.93) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.69) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.31) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.25) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.31) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 371.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 371.25 TD ( 9.5 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 371.25 TD ( 14.1 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 358.5 TD (3) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0.1598 Tc -0.9098 Tw (South Africa) Tj 47.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 59.25 0 TD (6.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1) Tj 4.5 0 TD (995) Tj 13.5 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 358.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 358.5 TD ( 43.3 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 358.5 TD ( 47.3 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 345.75 TD (4) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0.0013 Tc (Algeria) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 78.75 0 TD (7.28) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (7.18) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.25) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.38) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.25) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.2) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (2.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 345.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 345.75 TD ( 30.3 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 345.75 TD ( 51.2 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 333 TD (5) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0.1998 Tc (Egypt) Tj 22.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 84 0 TD (6.56) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.27) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.07) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 333 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 624 333 TD ( ) Tj ET q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 651 333 TD ( 67.9 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 333 TD ( 113.8 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 320.25 TD (6) Tj 23.25 0 TD -0.0343 Tc (Morocco) Tj 33 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 73.5 0 TD (7.18) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.18) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.3) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 320.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 320.25 TD ( 29.9 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 320.25 TD ( 50.4 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 307.5 TD (7) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw (Cape Verde) Tj 43.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 63 0 TD (6.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (6.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.56) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.56) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.6) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 307.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 307.5 TD ( 0.4 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 307.5 TD ( 0.8 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 294.75 TD (8) Tj 23.25 0 TD -0.167 Tc (Lib) Tj 12.75 0 TD 0.0895 Tc -0.4645 Tw (yan Arab Jamahiriya) Tj 75.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 18 0 TD (6.87) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (7.38) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.80) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.59) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.80) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1970) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1975) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 294.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 294.75 TD ( 5.3 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 294.75 TD ( 10.0 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 282 TD (9) Tj 23.25 0 TD -0.0307 Tc (Botswana) Tj 36 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 70.5 0 TD (6.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (6.37) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.35) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.35) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 282 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 282 TD ( 1.5 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 282 TD ( 2.1 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 269.25 TD (10) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.021 Tc -0.021 Tw (Western Sahara) Tj 57.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 48.75 0 TD (6.53) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (6) Tj 4.5 0 TD (.05) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.53) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 269.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 269.25 TD ( 0.3 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 269.25 TD ( 0.6 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 256.5 TD (11) Tj 27.75 0 TD -0.048 Tc (Ghana) Tj 24 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 82.5 0 TD (6.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (6.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.2) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 256.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 256.5 TD ( 19.3 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 256.5 TD ( 40.1 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 243.75 TD (12) Tj 27.75 0 TD -0.048 Tc (Kenya) Tj 24 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 82.5 0 TD (7.51) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (7.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (8.12) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 243.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 243.75 TD ( 30.7 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 243.75 TD ( 55.4 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 231 TD (13) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.036 Tc (Lesotho) Tj 30 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 76.5 0 TD (5.84) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.74) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.75) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (5.86) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.75) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1955) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1960) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.3) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 231 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 231 TD ( 2.0 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 231 TD ( 2.5 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 218.25 TD (14) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0 Tc (Swaziland) Tj 38.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 68.25 0 TD (6.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (6.49) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.80) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.80) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 218.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 624 218.25 TD ( 0.9) Tj ET q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 669 218.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 218.25 TD ( 1.4 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 205.5 TD (15) Tj 27.75 0 TD (Sudan) Tj 23.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 83.25 0 TD (6.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (6.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.67) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1955) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1960) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 205.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 205.5 TD ( 31.1 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 205.5 TD ( 63.5 ) Tj ET Q BT 87.75 194.25 TD ( ) Tj 3.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 128.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 29.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 29.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 47.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 44.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 45 0 TD ( ) Tj 48 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 194.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 666.75 194.25 TD ( ) Tj ET q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 669 194.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 721.5 194.25 TD ( ) Tj -633.75 -12 TD ( ) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1867 Tc (Asia) Tj 17.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 106.5 0 TD (5.88) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.17) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (5.88) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 182.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 182.25 TD ( 3 672.3 ) Tj ET Q BT 674.25 182.25 TD ( 5 4) Tj ET q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 708 182.25 TD (28.2 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 169.5 TD (1) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0.0013 Tc (Lebanon) Tj 32.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 74.25 0 TD (5.74) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.31) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.29) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.36) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.29) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.2) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 169.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 169.5 TD ( 3.5 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 169.5 TD ( 5.0 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 156.75 TD (2) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0.2151 Tc -0.2151 Tw (Viet Nam) Tj 36 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 70.5 0 TD (5.75) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.89) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.25) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 156.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 156.75 TD ( 78.1 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 156.75 TD ( 123.8 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 144 TD (3) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0.0287 Tc (Indonesia) Tj 36 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 70.5 0 TD (5.49) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.73) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2) Tj 4.5 0 TD (.60) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (5.67) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1955) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1960) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.1) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 144 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 144 TD ( 212.1 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 144 TD ( 311.3 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 131.25 TD (4) Tj 23.25 0 TD -0.1063 Tc (Bahrain) Tj 29.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 77.25 0 TD (6.97) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.23) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.63) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.18) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.63) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) 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441.75 TD ( 4.) 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Tj 20.25 0 TD (4.16) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.93) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1990) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1995) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.3) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.2) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 416.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 416.25 TD ( 6.0 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 416.25 TD ( 10.1 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 403.5 TD (12) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.1761 Tc -0.1761 Tw (United Arab ) Tj 48 0 TD -0.1556 Tc 0 Tw (Emirates) Tj 31.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 27 0 TD (6.97) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.66) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.17) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.97) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.17) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.2) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 403.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 403.5 TD ( 2.6 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 403.5 TD ( 3.7 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 390.75 TD (13) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.0663 Tc -0.3163 Tw (Iran \(Islamic Republic of\)) Tj 94.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 12 0 TD (7.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (6.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.20) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.20) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 390.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 390.75 TD ( 70.3 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 390.75 TD ( 121.4 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 378 TD (14) Tj 27.75 0 TD -0.093 Tc (Malaysia) Tj 33.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 72.75 0 TD (6.83) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4) Tj 4.5 0 TD (.16) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.26) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.94) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.26) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1955) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1960) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 378 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 378 TD ( 22.2 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 378 TD ( 37.8 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 365.25 TD (15) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.2511 Tc (Myanmar) Tj 36 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 70.5 0 TD (6.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.6) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 365.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 365.25 TD ( 47.7 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 365.25 TD ( 68.5 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 352.5 TD (16) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.051 Tc (India) Tj 19.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 87 0 TD (5.97) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.83) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.32) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (5.97) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.32) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (199) Tj 13.5 0 TD (5) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.6) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 352.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 352.5 TD ( 1 008.9 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 352.5 TD ( 1 572.1 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 339.75 TD (17) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.0212 Tc (Turkmenistan) Tj 51 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 55.5 0 TD (6.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.32) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.75) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 339.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 339.75 TD ( 4.7 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 339.75 TD ( 8.4 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 327 TD (18) Tj 27.75 0 TD -0.069 Tc (Philippines) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 65.25 0 TD (7.29) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.64) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.29) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.64) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 327 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 624 327 TD ( ) Tj ET q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 630.75 327 TD ( 75.7 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 327 TD ( 128.4 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 314.25 TD (19) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.3522 Tc (Qatar) Tj 21 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 85.5 0 TD (6.97) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (6.11) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.97) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.2) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 314.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 314.25 TD ( 0.6 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 314.25 TD ( 0.8 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 301.5 TD (20) Tj 27.75 0 TD (Tajikistan) Tj 36.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 69.75 0 TD (6.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.72) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.83) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.72) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1970) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1975) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.2) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.1) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 301.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 301.5 TD ( 6.1 ) Tj ET Q BT 674.25 301.5 TD ( ) Tj ET q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 699 301.5 TD ( 9.8 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 288.75 TD (21) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0 Tc (Bangladesh) Tj 42.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 63.75 0 TD (6.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.80) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.80) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 288.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 288.75 TD ( 137.4 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 288.75 TD ( 265.4 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 276 TD (22) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.0562 Tc -0.4312 Tw (Syrian Arab Republic) Tj 79.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 27 0 TD (7.09) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (7.44) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.79) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1965) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1970) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.3) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 276 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 276 TD ( 16.2 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 276 TD ( 36.3 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 263.25 TD (23) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.3335 Tc -1.0835 Tw (East Ti) Tj 26.25 0 TD 0.417 Tc 0 Tw (mor) Tj 15 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 65.25 0 TD (6.44) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.31) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.35) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.44) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.31) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1975) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1980) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 263.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 263.25 TD ( 0.7 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 263.25 TD ( 1.4 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 250.5 TD (24) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.001 Tc (Jordan) Tj 24.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 81.75 0 TD (7.38) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (7.38) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.69) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (8.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.69) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.3) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 250.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 250.5 TD ( 4.9 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 250.5 TD ( 11.7 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 237.75 TD (25) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.2016 Tc (Nepal) Tj 21.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 84.75 0 TD (5.75) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.65) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.83) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.06) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.83) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1) Tj 4.5 0 TD (960) Tj 13.5 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 237.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 237.75 TD ( 23.0 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 237.75 TD ( 52.4 ) Tj ET Q BT 87.75 226.5 TD ( ) Tj 3.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 128.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 29.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 29.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 47.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 44.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 45 0 TD ( ) Tj 48 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 226.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 666.75 226.5 TD ( ) Tj ET q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 669 226.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 721.5 226.5 TD ( ) Tj -633.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0.168 Tc (Europe) Tj 27 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 96.75 0 TD (2.66) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (1.97) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (1.41) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (2.66) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (1.41) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.3) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.3) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 213.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 213.75 TD ( 727.3 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 213.75 TD ( 603.3 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 201 TD (1) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0.0009 Tc (Albania) Tj 29.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 77.25 0 TD (5.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.20) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (5.98) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1955) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1960) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 201 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 201 TD ( 3.1 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 201 TD ( 3.9 ) Tj ET Q BT 87.75 189.75 TD ( ) Tj 3.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 128.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 29.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 29.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 47.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 44.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 45 0 TD ( ) Tj 48 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 189.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 666.75 189.75 TD ( ) Tj ET q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 669 189.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 721.5 189.75 TD ( ) Tj -633.75 -24.75 TD ( ) Tj 3.75 12 TD 0.1817 Tc -0.5567 Tw (Latin America and the ) Tj 0 -10.5 TD -0.0267 Tc 0 Tw (Caribbean) Tj 37.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 86.25 -1.5 TD (5.89) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.49) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.69) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (5.97) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.69) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 165 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 165 TD ( 518.8 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 165 TD ( 805.6 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 152.25 TD (1) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0 Tc (Suriname) Tj 35.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 71.25 0 TD (6.56) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.20) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.21) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD (6) Tj 4.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.21) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 152.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 152.25 TD ( 0.4 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 152.25 TD ( 0.4 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 139.5 TD (2) Tj 23.25 0 TD -0.041 Tc (Brazil) Tj 21.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 84.75 0 TD (6.15) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.31) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.27) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.15) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.27) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 139.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W 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Tw (Saint Lucia) Tj 42 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 64.5 0 TD (6.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.20) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.94) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1955) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1960) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.1) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.3) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 416.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 416.25 TD ( 0.1 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 416.25 TD ( 0.2 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 403.5 TD (11) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.1675 Tc (Mexico) Tj 28.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 78 0 TD (6.87) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.75) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.96) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.75) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1955) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1960) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.1) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.3) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 403.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 403.5 TD ( 98.9 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 403.5 TD ( 146.7 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 390.75 TD (12) Tj 27.75 0 TD -0.1256 Tc (Colombia) Tj 36 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 70.5 0 TD (6.76) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.34) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.80) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.76) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.80) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 390.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 390.75 TD ( 42.1 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 390.75 TD ( 70.9 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 378 TD (13) Tj 27.75 0 TD -0.0277 Tc 0.0277 Tw (Costa Rica) Tj 39.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 66.75 0 TD (6.72) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.89) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.83) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.11) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.83) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1955) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1960) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.1) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 378 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 378 TD ( 4.0 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 378 TD ( 7.2 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 365.25 TD (14) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.015 Tc -0.015 Tw (Dominican Republic) Tj 75.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 30.75 0 TD (7.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.88) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.88) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 365.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 365.25 TD ( 8.4 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 365.25 TD ( 12.0 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 352.5 TD (15) Tj 27.75 0 TD -0.1868 Tc (Peru) Tj 17.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 89.25 0 TD (6.85) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.38) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.98) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.85) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.98) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.2) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 352.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 352.5 TD ( 25.7 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 352.5 TD ( 42.1 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 339.75 TD (16) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.03 Tc (Venezuela) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 67.5 0 TD (6.46) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.47) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.98) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.66) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.98) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 339.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 624 339.75 TD ( 2) Tj ET q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 657.75 339.75 TD (4.2 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 339.75 TD ( 42.2 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 327 TD (17) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.216 Tc (Ecuador) Tj 30.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 75.75 0 TD (6.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.2) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 327 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 327 TD ( 12.6 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 327 TD ( 21.2 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 314.25 TD (18) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.1254 Tc -0.1254 Tw (El Salvador) Tj 42.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 63.75 0 TD (6.46) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.17) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.85) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.17) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.1) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.2) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 314.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 314.25 TD ( 6.3 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 314.25 TD ( 10.9 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 301.5 TD (19) Tj 27.75 0 TD -0.003 Tc (B) Tj 6 0 TD -0.0984 Tc (elize) Tj 17.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 83.25 0 TD (6.65) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (6.20) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.41) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.65) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.41) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 301.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 301.5 TD ( 0.2 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 301.5 TD ( 0.4 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 288.75 TD (20) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.0013 Tc -0.0013 Tw (French Guiana) Tj 54 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 52.5 0 TD (5.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.05) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (5.02) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1975) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1980) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.1) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 32.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (0.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 27 0 TD 0.0964 Tc (Increase) Tj 30.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 288.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 288.75 TD ( 0.2 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 288.75 TD ( 0.5 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 276 TD (21) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.0326 Tc (Paraguay) Tj 34.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 72 0 TD (6.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.15) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.) Tj 6.75 0 TD (17) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.55) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.17) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 276 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 276 TD ( 5.5 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 276 TD ( 12.6 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 263.25 TD (22) Tj 27.75 0 TD -0.0615 Tc (Honduras) Tj 36 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 70.5 0 TD (7.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (6.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.1) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 263.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 263.25 TD ( 6.4 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 263.25 TD ( 12.8 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 250.5 TD (23) Tj 27.75 0 TD -0.0257 Tc (Nicaragua) Tj 37.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 69 0 TD (7.33) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (6.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.32) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.33) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.32) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (19) Tj 9 0 TD (95) Tj 9 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 250.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 250.5 TD ( 5.1 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 250.5 TD ( 11.5 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 237.75 TD (24) Tj 27.75 0 TD -0.1436 Tc (Bolivia) Tj 27 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 79.5 0 TD (6.75) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.80) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.36) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.75) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.36) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 237.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 237.75 TD ( 8.3 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 237.75 TD ( 17.0 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 225 TD (25) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.3 Tc (Haiti) Tj 18.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 87.75 0 TD (6.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.96) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.38) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.38) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 225 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 624 225 TD ( ) Tj ET q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 657.75 225 TD (8.1 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 225 TD ( 14.0 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 212.25 TD (26) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.0013 Tc (Guatemala) Tj 39.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 66.75 0 TD (7.09) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (6.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.93) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.09) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.93) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 212.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 212.25 TD ( 11.4 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 212.25 TD ( 26.6 ) Tj ET Q BT 87.75 201 TD ( ) Tj 3.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 128.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 29.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 29.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 47.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 44.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 45 0 TD ( ) Tj 48 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 201 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 666.75 201 TD ( ) Tj ET q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 669 201 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 721.5 201 TD ( ) Tj -633.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1406 Tc (Oceania) Tj 30 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 93.75 0 TD (3.87) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.78) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.41) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (4.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.41) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1955) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1960) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.2) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 188.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 188.25 TD ( 30.5 ) Tj ET Q BT 674.25 188.25 TD ( ) Tj ET q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 678.75 188.25 TD ( 47.2 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 175.5 TD (1) Tj 23.25 0 TD -0.0496 Tc 0.0496 Tw (French Polynesia) Tj 63 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 43.5 0 TD (6.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.23) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.1) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 175.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 175.5 TD ( 0.2 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 175.5 TD ( 0.4 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 162.75 TD (2) Tj 23.25 0 TD -0.0822 Tc 0.0822 Tw (New Caledonia) Tj 56.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 50.25 0 TD (5.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (5.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET 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0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 421.5 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 421.5 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 421.5 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 408.75 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 408.75 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 408.75 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 408.75 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 398.25 TD 0.0356 Tc (R\351union) Tj 31.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 117 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1990) Tj 41.25 0 TD (66.6) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (61.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (2.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.49) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.03) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (1.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2010) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 408 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 408 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 408 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 408 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 395.25 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 395.25 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 395.25 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 395.25 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 384.75 TD 0.1444 Tc (Jamaica) Tj 30 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 118.5 0 TD (2.6) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1997) Tj 41.25 0 TD (65.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (62.6) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (12.5) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.75) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2010) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 394.5 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 394.5 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 394.5 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 394.5 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 381.75 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 381.75 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 381.75 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 381.75 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 371.25 TD -0.1063 Tc (Bahamas) Tj 33.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 114.75 0 TD (0.3) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1988) Tj 41.25 0 TD (61.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (60.1) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (2.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.41) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.09) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2010) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 381 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 381 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 381 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 381 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 368.25 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 368.25 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 368.25 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 368.25 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 357.75 TD 0.0013 Tc (Lebanon) Tj 32.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 116.25 0 TD (3.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1996) Tj 41.25 0 TD (61.0) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (37.0) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (3.2) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.29) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.01) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (1.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2015) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 367.5 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 367.5 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 367.5 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 367.5 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 354.75 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 354.75 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 354.75 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 354.75 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 344.25 TD (Tunisia) Tj 27.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 120.75 0 TD (9.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1994) Tj 41.25 0 TD (60.0) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (51.0) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (17.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.31) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.69) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 354 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 354 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 354 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 354 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 341.25 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 341.25 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 341.25 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 341.25 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 330.75 TD -0.04 Tc (Guyana) Tj 28.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 120 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1975) Tj 41.25 0 TD (31.4) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (28.3) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (2.45) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.75) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.16) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2010) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 340.5 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 340.5 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 340.5 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 340.5 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 327.75 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 327.75 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 327.75 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 327.75 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 317.25 TD 0 Tc (Suriname) Tj 35.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 113.25 0 TD (0.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 52.5 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 48 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (2.21) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (1.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2010) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 327 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 327 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 327 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 327 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 314.25 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 314.25 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 314.25 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 314.25 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 303.75 TD 0.0013 Tc (Uruguay) Tj 32.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 116.25 0 TD (3.3) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 52.5 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 48 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (2.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.25) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.07) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2015) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 313.5 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 313.5 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 313.5 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 313.5 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 300.75 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 300.75 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 300.75 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 300.75 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 289.5 TD -0 Tc (Chile) Tj 20.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 123.75 0 TD (15.2) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 33 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 52.5 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 48 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (2.44) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.26) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.06) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2020) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 300 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 300 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 300 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 300 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 286.5 0.75 13.5 re f 278.25 286.5 0.75 13.5 re f 489.75 286.5 0.75 13.5 re f 719.25 286.5 0.75 13.5 re f BT 86.25 275.25 TD /F2 9 Tf 0.0182 Tc -0.0182 Tw (Total fertility between 2.5 and 3) Tj 123 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 45 0 TD /F0 9 Tf ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 51 0 TD ( ) Tj 58.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 51.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 47.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 40.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 58.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 54 0 TD ( ) Tj 34.5 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 285 0.75 1.5 re f 85.5 285.75 143.25 0.75 re f 228.75 285.75 0.75 0.75 re f 229.5 285.75 48.75 0.75 re f 278.25 285 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 285.75 0.75 0.75 re f 279 285.75 39.75 0.75 re f 318.75 285.75 0.75 0.75 re f 319.5 285.75 57.75 0.75 re f 377.25 285.75 0.75 0.75 re f 378 285.75 53.25 0.75 re f 431.25 285.75 0.75 0.75 re f 432 285.75 57.75 0.75 re f 489.75 285 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 285.75 0.75 0.75 re f 490.5 285.75 39.75 0.75 re f 530.25 285.75 0.75 0.75 re f 531 285.75 57.75 0.75 re f 588.75 285.75 0.75 0.75 re f 589.5 285.75 53.25 0.75 re f 642.75 285.75 0.75 0.75 re f 643.5 285.75 37.5 0.75 re f 681 285.75 0.75 0.75 re f 681.75 285.75 37.5 0.75 re f 719.25 285 0.75 1.5 re f 84.75 273 0.75 12 re f 278.25 273 0.75 12 re f 489.75 273 0.75 12 re f 719.25 273 0.75 12 re f BT 103.5 262.5 TD -0.1256 Tc (Colombia) Tj 36 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 108 0 TD (42.1) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (2000) Tj 41.25 0 TD (76.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (64.0) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (18.2) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.80) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.77) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.09) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2030) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 272.25 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 272.25 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 272.25 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 272.25 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 259.5 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 259.5 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 259.5 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 259.5 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 249 TD -0.0277 Tc 0.0277 Tw (Costa Rica) Tj 39.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 108.75 0 TD (4.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1992) Tj 41.25 0 TD (75.0) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (64.6) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (6.6) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.83) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.53) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.07) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2030) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 258.75 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 258.75 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 258.75 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 258.75 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 246 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 246 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 246 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 246 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 235.5 TD 0.1675 Tc (Mexico) Tj 28.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 115.5 0 TD (98.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1995) Tj 41.25 0 TD (66.5) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (57.5) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (19.1) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.75) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.28) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.09) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2020) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 245.25 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 245.25 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 245.25 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 245.25 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 232.5 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 232.5 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 232.5 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 232.5 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 222 TD -0.1868 Tc (Peru) Tj 17.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 126.75 0 TD (25.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1996) Tj 41.25 0 TD (64.2) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (41.3) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (14.1) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.98) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.20) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.11) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2020) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 231.75 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 231.75 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 231.75 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 231.75 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 219 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 219 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 219 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 219 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 208.5 TD 0.043 Tc (Turkey) Tj 27 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 117 0 TD (66.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1998) Tj 41.25 0 TD (63.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (37.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (12.0) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.98) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2005) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 218.25 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 218.25 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 218.25 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 218.25 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 205.5 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 205.5 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 205.5 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 205.5 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 195 TD 0.015 Tc -0.015 Tw (Dominican Republic) Tj 75.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 72.75 0 TD (8.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1996) Tj 41.25 0 TD (63.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (59.2) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (15.2) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.88) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.91) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.13) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2025) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 204.75 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 204.75 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 204.75 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 204.75 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 192 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 192 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 192 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 192 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 181.5 TD -0.1063 Tc (Bahrain) Tj 29.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 119.25 0 TD (0.6) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1995) Tj 41.25 0 TD (61.8) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (30.6) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (14.0) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.63) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.07) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2005) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 191.25 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 191.25 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 191.25 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 191.25 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 178.5 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 178.5 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 178.5 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 178.5 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 168 TD 0.0311 Tc (Mongolia) Tj 36 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 112.5 0 TD (2.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1998) Tj 41.25 0 TD (59.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (45.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (2.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.97) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2005) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 177.75 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 177.75 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 177.75 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 177.75 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 165 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 165 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 165 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 165 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 154.5 TD -0.024 Tc (Kyrgyzstan) Tj 42 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 106.5 0 TD (4.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1997) Tj 41.25 0 TD (59.5) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (48.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 45 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (2.89) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.58) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.07) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2005) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 164.25 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 164.25 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 164.25 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 164.25 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 151.5 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 151.5 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 151.5 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 151.5 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 141 TD 0.001 Tc (Panama) Tj 29.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 119.25 0 TD (2.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1984) Tj 41.25 0 TD (58.2) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (54.2) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (5.1) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.63) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.71) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2015) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 150.75 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 150.75 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 150.75 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 150.75 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 138 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 138 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 138 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 138 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 127.5 TD 0.0287 Tc (Indonesia) Tj 36 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 103.5 0 TD (212.1) Tj 20.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1997) Tj 41.25 0 TD (57.4) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (54.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (20.3) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.07) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.) Tj 6.75 0 TD (10) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2005) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 137.25 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 137.25 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 137.25 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 137.25 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 124.5 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 124.5 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 124.5 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 124.5 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 114 TD -0.166 Tc (Kuwait) Tj 27 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 121.5 0 TD (1.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1996) Tj 41.25 0 TD (50.2) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (40.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (17.3) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.89) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.05) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2015) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 123.75 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 123.75 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 123.75 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 123.75 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 111 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 111 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 111 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 111 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 100.5 TD 0.03 Tc (Venezuela) Tj 39 0 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Tc ( ) Tj 48 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (2.85) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.37) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.09) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2005) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 403.5 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 403.5 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 403.5 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 403.5 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 390.75 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 390.75 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 390.75 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 390.75 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 379.5 TD 0.1685 Tc (Israel) Tj 20.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 128.25 0 TD (6.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 52.5 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 48 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (2.93) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.24) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2015) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 390 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 390 0.75 0.75 re 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f 531 375.75 57.75 0.75 re f 588.75 375.75 0.75 0.75 re f 589.5 375.75 53.25 0.75 re f 642.75 375.75 0.75 0.75 re f 643.5 375.75 37.5 0.75 re f 681 375.75 0.75 0.75 re f 681.75 375.75 37.5 0.75 re f 719.25 375 0.75 1.5 re f 84.75 362.25 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 362.25 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 362.25 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 362.25 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 349.5 TD 0.0663 Tc -0.3163 Tw (Iran \(Islamic Republic of\)) Tj 94.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 49.5 0 TD (70.3) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1997) Tj 41.25 0 TD (72.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (56.0) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (17.6) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (3.20) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2010) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 361.5 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 361.5 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 361.5 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 361.5 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 346.5 0.75 15 re f 278.25 346.5 0.75 15 re f 489.75 346.5 0.75 15 re f 719.25 346.5 0.75 15 re f BT 103.5 336 TD 0.216 Tc (Ecuador) Tj 30.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 113.25 0 TD (12.6) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1999) Tj 41.25 0 TD (65.8) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (50.1) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (16.1) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (3.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.15) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2020) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 345.75 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 345.75 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 345.75 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 345.75 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 333 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 333 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 333 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 333 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 322.5 TD 0.1254 Tc -0.1254 Tw (El Salvador) Tj 42.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 105.75 0 TD (6.3) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1998) Tj 41.25 0 TD (59.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (54.1) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (12.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (3.17) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.22) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.09) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2025) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 332.25 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 332.25 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 332.25 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 332.25 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 319.5 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 319.5 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 319.5 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 319.5 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 309 TD 0.1598 Tc -0.9098 Tw (South Africa) Tj 47.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 96.75 0 TD (43.3) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1998) Tj 41.25 0 TD (56.3) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (55.1) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (8.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (3.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.95) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.21) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2015) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 318.75 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 318.75 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 318.75 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 318.75 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 306 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 306 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 306 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 306 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 295.5 TD 0.1998 Tc (Egypt) Tj 22.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 121.5 0 TD (67.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (2000) Tj 41.25 0 TD (56.1) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (53.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (12.0) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (3.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.93) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2010) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 305.25 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 305.25 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 305.25 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 305.25 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 292.5 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 292.5 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 292.5 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 292.5 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 282 TD -0.093 Tc (Malaysia) Tj 33.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 110.25 0 TD (22.2) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1994) Tj 41.25 0 TD (54.5) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (29.8) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (16.4) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (3.26) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.45) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2015) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 291.75 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 291.75 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 291.75 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 291.75 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 279 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 279 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 279 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 279 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 268.5 TD -0.0343 Tc (Morocco) Tj 33 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 111 0 TD (29.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1995) Tj 41.25 0 TD (50.3) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (42.4) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2) Tj 4.5 0 TD (0.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (3.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.25) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2015) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 278.25 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 278.25 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 278.25 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 278.25 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 265.5 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 265.5 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 265.5 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 265.5 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 254.25 TD 0.051 Tc (India) Tj 19.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 113.25 0 TD (1,008.9) Tj 27 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1998) Tj 41.25 0 TD (48.2) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (42.8) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (12.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (3.32) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.75) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.13) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2015) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 264.75 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 264.75 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 264.75 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 264.75 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 251.25 0.75 13.5 re f 278.25 251.25 0.75 13.5 re f 489.75 251.25 0.75 13.5 re f 719.25 251.25 0.75 13.5 re f BT 103.5 240.75 TD 0.0013 Tc (Algeria) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 116.25 0 TD (30.3) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1992) Tj 41.25 0 TD (46.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (42.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (18.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (3.25) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.96) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.09) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2010) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 250.5 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 250.5 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 250.5 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 250.5 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 237.75 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 237.75 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 237.75 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 237.75 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 227.25 TD -0.0825 Tc (Belize) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 125.25 0 TD (0.2) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1991) Tj 41.25 0 TD (46.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (41.8) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (3.41) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.07) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2010) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 237 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 237 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 237 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 237 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 224.25 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 224.25 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 224.25 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 224.25 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 213.75 TD -0.1275 Tc (Fiji) Tj 12 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 136.5 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1974) Tj 41.25 0 TD (41.0) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (35.1) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (3.20) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.09) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2020) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 223.5 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 223.5 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 223.5 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 223.5 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 210.75 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 210.75 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 210.75 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 210.75 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 200.25 TD 0.2511 Tc (Myanmar) Tj 36 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 108 0 TD (47.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1997) Tj 41.25 0 TD (32.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (28.4) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (31.8) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (3.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.16) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2010) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 210 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 210 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 210 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 210 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 197.25 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 197.25 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 197.25 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 197.25 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 186 TD 0.0287 Tc -0.4037 Tw (United Arab Emirates) Tj 79.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 69 0 TD (2.6) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1995) Tj 41.25 0 TD (27.5) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (23.6) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (3.17) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.24) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.07) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2015) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 196.5 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 196.5 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 196.5 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 196.5 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 183 0.75 13.5 re f 278.25 183 0.75 13.5 re f 489.75 183 0.75 13.5 re f 719.25 183 0.75 13.5 re f BT 86.25 171.75 TD /F2 9 Tf 0.0182 Tc -0.0182 Tw (Total fertility between 3.5 and 4) Tj 123 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 45 0 TD /F0 9 Tf ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 60 0 TD ( ) Tj 34.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 58.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 51.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 47.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 40.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 58.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 54 0 TD ( ) Tj 34.5 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 181.5 0.75 1.5 re f 85.5 182.25 143.25 0.75 re f 228.75 182.25 0.75 0.75 re f 229.5 182.25 48.75 0.75 re f 278.25 181.5 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 182.25 0.75 0.75 re f 279 182.25 39.75 0.75 re f 318.75 182.25 0.75 0.75 re f 319.5 182.25 57.75 0.75 re f 377.25 182.25 0.75 0.75 re f 378 182.25 53.25 0.75 re f 431.25 182.25 0.75 0.75 re f 432 182.25 57.75 0.75 re f 489.75 181.5 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 182.25 0.75 0.75 re f 490.5 182.25 39.75 0.75 re f 530.25 182.25 0.75 0.75 re f 531 182.25 57.75 0.75 re f 588.75 182.25 0.75 0.75 re f 589.5 182.25 53.25 0.75 re f 642.75 182.25 0.75 0.75 re f 643.5 182.25 37.5 0.75 re f 681 182.25 0.75 0.75 re f 681.75 182.25 37.5 0.75 re f 719.25 181.5 0.75 1.5 re f 84.75 169.5 0.75 12 re f 278.25 169.5 0.75 12 re f 489.75 169.5 0.75 12 re f 719.25 169.5 0.75 12 re f BT 103.5 159 TD 0.0212 Tc (Turkmenistan) Tj 51 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 97.5 0 TD (4.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (2000) Tj 41.25 0 TD (61.8) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (53.1) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (3.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.86) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2015) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 168.75 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 168.75 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 168.75 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 168.75 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 156 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 156 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 156 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 156 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 145.5 TD 0 Tc (Bangladesh) Tj 42.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 96.75 0 TD (137.4) Tj 20.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1999) Tj 41.25 0 TD (53.8) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (43.4) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (16.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (3.80) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.95) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.09) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2025) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 155.25 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 155.25 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 155.25 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 155.25 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 142.5 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 142.5 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 142.5 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 142.5 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 132 TD 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw (Cape Verde) Tj 43.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 105 0 TD (0.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1998) Tj 41.25 0 TD (52.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (46.0) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (3.56) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.57) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2020) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 141.75 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 141.75 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 141.75 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 141.75 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 129 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 129 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 129 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 129 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 118.5 TD -0.069 Tc (Philippines) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 102.75 0 TD (75.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1998) Tj 41.25 0 TD (46.5) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (28.2) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (10.6) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (3.64) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.93) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.09) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2015) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 128.25 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 128.25 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 128.25 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 128.25 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 115.5 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 115.5 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 115.5 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 115.5 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 105 TD 0.3522 Tc (Qatar) Tj 21 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 127.5 0 TD (0.6) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1998) Tj 41.25 0 TD (43.2) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (32.3) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (9.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (3.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.20) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.07) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2020) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 114.75 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 114.75 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 114.75 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 114.75 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 102 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 102 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 102 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 102 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 89.25 TD 0.0885 Tc -0.4635 Tw (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) Tj 88.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 60 0 TD (5.3) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1995) Tj 41.25 0 TD (3) Tj 4.5 0 TD (9.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (25.6) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (3.80) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.79) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2015) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 101.25 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Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj 395.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1832 Tc 5.6207 Tw (Population and) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj -359.25 -12.75 TD -0.0816 Tc 0.2691 Tw (Development R) Tj 68.25 0 TD -0.3232 Tc 0 Tw (eview) Tj 24.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1459 Tc 0.3334 Tw (, vol. 2, Nos. 3) Tj 64.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.3281 Tc 0.5156 Tw (4, pp. 417) Tj 42.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.4219 Tc (425.) Tj 18.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -263.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1692 Tc 1.1067 Tw (Knodel, John, and Etienne van de Walle \(1979\). Lessons from the past: Policy implications of historical ) Tj 36 -12.75 TD -0.1068 Tc 0.2943 Tw (fertility studies. ) Tj 72 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0909 Tc 0.0284 Tw (Population and Development Review) Tj 164.25 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.2708 Tc 0.4583 Tw (, vol, 5, No.2, pp. 217) Tj 94.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2344 Tc (245.) Tj 19.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -390 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1701 Tc 4.1076 Tw (Lesthaeghe, Ron \(1983\). A centu) Tj 160.5 0 TD -0.1761 Tc 4.1136 Tw (ry of demographic and cultural change in Western Europe: An) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj -124.5 -12.75 TD -0.1303 Tc 1.4428 Tw (exploration of underlying dimensions. ) Tj 177 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0659 Tc 1.2534 Tw (Population and Development Review) Tj 168.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.25 Tc 1.6875 Tw (, vol. 9, No. 3, pp. ) Tj -345.75 -12.75 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (411) Tj 15.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2344 Tc (435.) Tj 19.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1548 Tc 1.8959 Tw (Lesthaeghe, Ron, and Paul Willems \(1999\). Is low fertility a temporary phenomenon in the Europ) Tj 452.25 0 TD 0.045 Tc -0.6075 Tw (ean ) Tj -416.25 -12.75 TD -0.145 Tc 0.3325 Tw (Union? ) Tj 35.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0659 Tc -0.2466 Tw (Population and Development Review) Tj 164.25 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.25 Tc 0.4375 Tw (, vol. 25, No. 2, pp.211.228.) Tj 122.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -357.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1374 Tc 1.0172 Tw (Lesthaeghe, Ron, and Camille Vanderhoeft \(2001\). A conceptualization of transitions to new behavioral ) Tj 36 -12 TD -0.1162 Tc -0.0713 Tw (forms. In ) Tj 43.5 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0793 Tc 0.1418 Tw (Diffusion Processes and Fertility Transition: Selected Perspectives,) Tj 301.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD -0.1176 Tc 0.3051 Tw (John B. Casterline, ) Tj -348 -12.75 TD -0.1543 Tc 0.2585 Tw (ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, pp. 240) Tj 253.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2344 Tc (264.) Tj 19.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -312.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0877 Tc 1.1324 Tw (Lutz, Wolfgang, Warren Sanderson and Sergei Scherbov \(2001\). The end of world population growth. ) Tj 36 -12.75 TD /F1 11.25 Tf 0.0412 Tc 0 Tw (Nature) Tj 31.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.2085 Tc 0.396 Tw (, vol. 412, pp. 543) Tj 78.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.4219 Tc (545.) Tj 18.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -168.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1292 Tc 2.5667 Tw (Notestein, Fra) Tj 64.5 0 TD -0.1307 Tc 2.5682 Tw (nk W. \(1945\). Population) Tj 119.25 0 TD -0.1037 Tc 1.7912 Tw (\037the long view. In ) Tj 96 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1 Tc 2.2875 Tw (Food for the World) Tj 93.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1516 Tc 2.1391 Tw (, T. W. Schultz, ed. ) Tj -337.5 -12 TD -0.1368 Tc 0.3243 Tw (Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.) Tj 206.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -242.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1344 Tc 2.2719 Tw (Notestein, Frank W. \(1953\). 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Socio) Tj 208.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1089 Tc 0.5464 Tw (economic determinants of mar) Tj 136.5 0 TD -0.1311 Tc 0.5061 Tw (ital fertility in twenty ) Tj -337.5 -12.75 TD -0.0896 Tc 1.3271 Tw (countries: A multivariate analysis. In ) Tj 174.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0644 Tc 1.4707 Tw (World Fertility Survey Conference 1980: Record of the ) Tj -174.75 -12.75 TD -0.1353 Tc 0 Tw (Proceedings) Tj 55.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1581 Tc 0.3456 Tw (, vol. 2. Voorburg, the Netherlands: International Statistical Institute, pp. 337) Tj 340.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.4219 Tc (414.) Tj 18.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -455.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD 0.1086 Tc 0.0789 Tw (Spengler, Joseph J. \(1930\). When popul) Tj 183 0 TD 0.1019 Tc 0.0856 Tw (ation ceases to grow. ) Tj 99.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf 0.1377 Tc 0.0497 Tw (The New Republic,) Tj 87.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.0033 Tc 0.3783 Tw ( vol. 65 \(September ) Tj -334.5 -12.75 TD 0.0942 Tc 0.0933 Tw (3\), pp. 61) Tj 43.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.4375 Tc (63.) Tj 13.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 99 0 obj 8466 endobj 97 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 94 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 98 0 R >> endobj 101 0 obj << /Length 102 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 229.5 -697.5 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (71) Tj 9 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -238.5 672 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0929 Tc 2.3429 Tw (Teitelbaum, Michael S., and Jay M. Winter \(1985\). ) Tj 249.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf 0.01 Tc 2.4275 Tw (The Fear of Population Decline) Tj 153 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1067 Tc 1.7942 Tw (. Orlando and ) Tj -366.75 -12 TD -0.145 Tc 0.3325 Tw (London: Academic Press.) Tj 114 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -150 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1553 Tc 0.3428 Tw (Thompson, W. S. \(1929\). Population. ) Tj 168 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0377 Tc -0.0248 Tw (American Journal of Sociol) Tj 121.5 0 TD -0.165 Tc 0 Tw (ogy) Tj 16.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1974 Tc 0.3849 Tw (, vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 959) Tj 103.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.4219 Tc (975.) Tj 18.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -432 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1588 Tc 2.3463 Tw (United Nations \(1985\). ) Tj 113.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0897 Tc 3.0272 Tw (Women\222s Employment and Fertility) Tj 167.25 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1431 Tc 3.1806 Tw ( \(United Nations publication, Sales No.) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj -244.5 -12.75 TD -0.0851 Tc 0.2726 Tw (E.85.XIII.5\). ) Tj 63 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -99 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1192 Tc 0.3067 Tw (United Nations \(2000a\). Below Replacement Fertility.) 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Tj 145.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -343.5 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F0 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 36 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 184.5 -11.25 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0.1275 Tc 0 Tw (N) Tj 8.25 0 TD /F0 9 Tf 0.418 Tc (OTE) Tj 18 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -210.75 -12.75 TD /F0 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -7.5 TD /F0 6.75 Tf 0.375 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 3.75 -4.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf 0.1371 Tc 1.092 Tw ( In fact, the possibility of the end of population growth and population decline has been addressed by ) Tj -39.75 -11.25 TD 0.0403 Tc 2.8191 Tw (many authors over the years. In the 1930s, Spengler \(1930\) and Stuart \(1939\) wrote articles entitled \223When) Tj 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.1965 Tc 0.366 Tw (population ceases to gr) Tj 94.5 0 TD 0.1483 Tc 0.4142 Tw (ow\224 and \223Population going down\224, respectively. In 1970, Kingsley Davis \(1970\) discussed ) Tj -94.5 -12 TD 0.0664 Tc 0.4211 Tw (the prospects for the end of population growth in a piece entitled \223The climax of population growth: past and future ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.1611 Tc 0.4014 Tw (perspectives\224. In the 1980s, Ben Wattenberg coined) Tj 216 0 TD 0.1536 Tc 0.2839 Tw ( the phrase \223birth dearth\224 and published a book with that title ) Tj -216 -11.25 TD 0.0943 Tc 1.1244 Tw (focusing on the prospects for countries with fertility below) Tj 243.75 0 TD -0.2467 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0.0816 Tc 1.1059 Tw (replacement level \(Wattenberg, 1987\). More recently, ) Tj -246.75 -12 TD 0.1222 Tc 1.1903 Tw (Lutz, Sanderson and Scherbov highlighted the issue in an article entitled \223The) Tj 327 0 TD 0.1349 Tc 0.8026 Tw ( end of world population growth\224 ) Tj -327 -11.25 TD 0.1342 Tc 1.1388 Tw (where they stated that \223[human population] growth is likely to come to an end in the foreseeable future\224 \(Lutz, ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.1055 Tc 0.0285 Tw (Sanderson and Scherbov, 2001, p. 543\). ) Tj 164.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -164.25 -12 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 102 0 obj 5588 endobj 100 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 94 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 101 0 R >> endobj 6 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /Name /F0 /BaseFont /TimesNewRoman /FirstChar 31 /LastChar 255 /Widths [ 778 250 333 408 500 500 833 778 180 333 333 500 564 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 278 564 564 564 444 921 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 722 667 556 611 722 722 944 722 722 611 333 278 333 469 500 333 444 500 444 500 444 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444 480 200 480 541 778 500 778 333 500 444 1000 500 500 333 1000 556 333 556 611 611 611 778 333 333 444 444 350 500 1000 333 980 389 333 389 427 444 444 250 333 333 611 500 722 200 500 333 760 556 500 564 333 760 611 400 549 333 278 333 576 453 250 333 444 389 500 611 333 406 444 667 722 722 722 722 611 667 667 667 611 611 611 611 333 333 722 722 722 722 722 722 722 722 564 667 722 722 722 722 722 611 500 333 444 444 444 444 278 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 278 278 646 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 549 333 500 500 500 500 500 278 333 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /FontDescriptor 7 0 R >> endobj 7 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /TimesNewRoman /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -250 -231 1292 923 ] /MissingWidth 769 /StemV 70 /StemH 70 /ItalicAngle 0 /CapHeight 923 /XHeight 646 /Ascent 923 /Descent -231 /Leading 231 /MaxWidth 1077 /AvgWidth 385 /FontFile2 103 0 R >> endobj 103 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 104 0 R /Length1 106 0 R >> stream HWklW>q]'8vMHĉy4qm"NRokxgvw23VRZVCm @D@ G)!!<RiJs=;Ns; x/P8_k?r/N C/豙;Mk fGK 5\4wzbəIoq}njl2{_B|`n8V44Fǥ"H} Œ֗|vOuiQs<^+S/ldLv=Hxo>/F7l׽d죏=;>f{/W/m?hj|@1m#p: +Q?UHpH@0+HlP-7$=D4"'8}R%2!WxȾ͑իWYy $bg*?WC$H?q  yqyq;l>Ǹθ31ڻɴǦ+858ɨǽ;R㌳0:8]ٰ6&B `@4ᯀ xeH8}o31|r˻t8R,ܟF4Nt4TL XPxH_ow7 2KøiS@|5<\X:L(M 4 K] v0Ga8h;J7WY./Y,u-h/`$S^rR=װIՐzMe]ˠڕ|UPkrg R-d%]H#~&)~26$ktJѤ (k0OEݺF_J;\ _@zd+qIWIej$%OCl],d!ٛ<v |"dRsy2i"f-Z^)V%(?: E͠,_ rL u32]XL3vI(^cn#I9JCҏ eG!jVA']sg ЋYP(NFLβ`ը^[Ax~*0AU5 3UU3Mvy&\J"Uĕdf`xʫNs\+^%#f4MҠgyĘ̄V/W͑RgҪX9o)ͥkџ3R)%Pyj~'TP#Y\p-s+gNV:]un7T#e0[fzC^p^zT`58Uo_ Ww2Gc6r5c|_,Tov^u(vKܖx7$Kz,J0n&<Փb oiU> cZKFjkXf`c GA  ' sj ĥ@8@ª(*@t&Zb9ඇ r@5,sv>` 28Jp@d } BN`s'Ζ<\d~5q Y%&o eUC\2m6hŲ Æ ZVPcUYz~22T\w'/[Wx" WzTswi ^`Z4&GFZV,Ԃ=R^#u|0"/HWfZcə#s鹥-lI50 μFȒV honRtYvSqfXUOµc`.a0 p˃\vVtRlrx1Utc J(˰R }oiHv2!8!g~CH PD]n1G5a'n{-ln)Os~ s2zm-HaŶZ:$jtSP7#cfF!$;@s57`Dӂ>Я>K Sx.DyƨWR/MDN.*"&|x0Nؾlbl߮ѡ'`stll|O`{߳˦un`ķ%š6GM]ۙ-z<-ߩqF Tl췳$Sx̾#U*?+SH{dYe:_#?Lrᛯ'2d~YNn9qNp(Y?mp==({4윂> Y]Ҷhԝ RPn'ުlV8_cq3l,zqYI A5UzY *2qORcJte-\"&2iLI<0etiՍ%^R19N}xKT'奵y#U5g iPfBN5YKe{9Sj/XV/5'LN{)%#eSְzrz^\/}NWI:$đ~-GʕʒU lCiҽrq-FVCs3U-CN(qdL UObLߎ-AjZq[`P[E%P{b 8?MirRyLۧD0QNk'Q:_zf W>Hպ^o#=Kw9__{w7vkӴSXDxsQ#e\jSpʣ2Oa 鱠<9NqepYQU XOf ߖY*eoeˇڕәodd١s׳m羔;{q c_OO+zbJo_ɿ=;w2.dìJlf;Ȏ+;Fa@bT( /[([->XTgOyQlvf~cCv}>mYk7 [I[@PpB(-Vn zX4hot :MEGlKѝە;ܾ{]ik3og= @fVKPzPz!r.p so h BPš(?3|mfO0F(='( (օҩ W>(}8PP4 %J JWkk JnJ Jԭ Yͭn2g}ҡHt,:]^n>w _3+sذ+**6㌎%8L8D'1e,1QG,  A@PD "J~Cs0If9k~.kq߽|s>QzY T ז[f$f {XީcyrOlE6-זmm9k6?-"?^6wb+P9pьWú]2n}ZaiMO O;:Ou.їu}Sw]uOWCH=VOSL=W6mRH p9wp$(]ǻyx C|S8Qc9Sù\|Y>l"p1[/r)_|57|o>?TJ?'sa^>؃Hbb9Uq~)߽plXKɍ֋{L짹tnTƋx: Kٍl^+x%{*^ͳx#aO^x=?f ľx sVQNEz-nȢ*vרYC7hبqǦ͚;hʹuڻtةsݺ޿}; !C8O{ǟӿQ|q_oDŽ&7Nn3g͞y,\xeWXzu7xm90hKpHְm#vDQ1v/a⁃I?q,xVrr_Pxs/"KqeVٻUnۿWn[eVٻ_nۯAE3]D4vUCY@@,vCL/Pg2P#^9@K[@/&]@tItBlhoN.bt=VW!}J/<zCìZ{b00R_G AyXQqR ηcX`(ROf+[,rq[JY'^xo^-[z".⧏@3_WO0W)⇯p K@L {Kl ,@@3T!@bY(Pv ,;#FIbG+ag~aA$ȻA[#rly!t o)5Gz$_>Dek(#[,QcDs]U? 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